Wildfires pose a serious threat to life in many countries. For police, fire and emergency services authorities in most jurisdictions in North America and Australia evacuation is now the option that is preferred overwhelmingly. Wildfire evacuation modeling can assist authorities in planning evacuation responses to future threats. Understanding residents' behavior under wildfire threat may assist in wildfire evacuation modeling. A literature review was conducted to explore North American and Australian research into wildfire evacuation behavior published between January 2005 and June 2017. Wildfire evacuation policies differ across the two regions: in North America mandatory evacuations are favored, in Australia most are advisory. Research from both regions indicates that following a wildfire evacuation warning some threatened residents will wish to remain on their property in order to protect it, many will delay evacuating, and some residents who are not on their property when an evacuation warning is issued may seek to return. Mandatory evacuation is likely to result in greater compliance, enforcement policies are also likely to be influential. Self-delayed evacuation is likely if warnings are not sufficiently informative: residents are likely to engage in information search rather than initiating evacuation actions. The wildfire warning and threat histories of a location may influence residents' decisions and actions. The complexities of behavioral factors influencing residents' actions following an evacuation warning pose challenges for wildfire evacuation modeling. Suggestions are offered for ways in which authorities might reduce the numbers of residents who delay evacuating following a wildfire warning.
The term "community" has a long and contested lineage in social analysis and debate. This lineage, however, is not generally recognized in policy and public debates on community and bushfire in Australia.
The use of RFID technology affords an opportunity for greater visibility in the supply chain and further supply chain automation, making the processes more streamlined, providing accurate and timely automatic data capture, thereby improving shipment reliability. This paper provides a case study of an RFID-enabled supply chain ecosystem focusing on a large high tech multi-national corporation based in Singapore. Specifically, the paper provides an implementation framework for the Return on Investment (ROI) calculator which trades off labor cost and productivity gains. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) methodology is used to assess the operational level benefits of RFID implementation. We show how scalability is critical for RFID adoption.
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