Microbial proteases degrade a variety of host proteins(1-3). However, it has remained largely unknown why microorganisms have evolved to acquire such proteases and how the host responds to microbially degraded products. Here, we have found that immunoglobulins disrupted by microbial pathogens are specifically detected by leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2), an orphan activating receptor expressed on human myeloid cells. Proteases from Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Legionella pneumophila, Streptococcus pneumonia and Candida albicans cleaved the N-terminus of immunoglobulins. Identification of the immunoglobulin-cleaving protease from L. pneumophila revealed that the protease is conserved across some bacteria including Vibrio spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These microbially cleaved immunoglobulins but not normal immunoglobulins stimulated human neutrophils via LILRA2. In addition, stimulation of primary monocytes via LILRA2 inhibited the growth of L. pneumophila. When mice were infected with L. pneumophila, immunoglobulins were cleaved and recognized by LILRA2. More importantly, cleaved immunoglobulins were detected in patients with bacterial infections and stimulated LILRA2-expressing cells. Our findings demonstrate that LILRA2 is a type of innate immune receptor in the host immune system that detects immunoglobulin abnormalities caused by microbial pathogens.
Preoperative staging of IP by MRI is useful for selecting cases that can be managed by endoscopic approaches, resulting in lower rates of tumor recurrence and morbidity.
In most cases, MRI assessment of inverted papilloma can accurately predict the extent of tumor involvement. Preoperative staging of inverted papilloma by MRI may be useful for planning an appropriate surgical approach.
Careful management of IP around the lamina papyracea is essential during initial surgery. Recurrent IP without SD can be successfully managed by lateral rhinotomy in most cases, and by endoscopic sinus surgery in selected cases. However, more aggressive treatment, including craniofacial resection, should be considered in IP with SD, which is associated with a high rate of recurrence and malignant transformation.
Extreme-ultraviolet free-electron lasers (EUVFELs) producing intense femtosecond pulse are able to superimpose ion-pair formation induced by a single photon onto the other in the resist polymer degradation. Electron beam resist (ZEP520A) sensitivity was obtained by using 61 nm EUVFEL at different dose densities in order to observe the multiple spur effect in a well-controlled environment. A higher ionization density has been identified to suppress the resist-degradation effectiveness due to the multiple spur effect for the first time. This is explained by two competing effects, namely, spatiotemporal overlap reducing the effectiveness, and high radical concentration enhancing cross-linking efficiency.
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