Background. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified not only in anogenital carcinomas, but also in malignancies of other organs, including bronchogenic carcinomas. Previous studies reporting detection of these viruses in lung cancers used mainly in situ hybridization. The authors applied the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for investigating the occurrence of HPV in bronchial neoplasms.
Methods. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues of 40 squamous and 7 large cell lung cancers were examined. PCR was done with consensus primers, capable of detecting HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 52b, and 58.
Results. None of the 47 samples contained any of the examined HPV types.
Conclusions. Because the squamous and large cell cancer cases were found not to be associated with HPV infection, this study does not support the potential role of these viruses in the development of lung cancers. Cancer 1994; 73:2740–4.
A new Self-Regulatory Plasma Doping (SRPD) technique with B 2 H 6 /Helium gas plasma has been successfully developed that provide conformal doping for fins and precise controllable ultra-shallow doping for planar FET. Manufacturing level of process controllability (<1% on dose) of the new SRPD has been realized, and advantage of the SRPD has been verified with FinFETs with metal/high-k gate stack and planar pMOSFETs for the first time. Short channel effect (SCE) improvement for FinFETs is clearly obtained. Dramatically I on enhancement (+14% I on at the I off of 10 -8 A/um vs. ion implant ref.) with SCE suppression for planar pMOSFETs is also realized. This new SRPD will be the excellent compatible doping method for pMOS FinFETs as well as planar pMOSFETs extension for 32nm node and beyond.
Manufacturing industry tends to high-mix low-volume production, and it is strongly required to shorten the manufacturing lead time of products. In the field of machining, complex machining by means of multi-tasking machine tools attracts the attention. However, the machining operation is not easy to understand due to the highly complicated machine tool structure. Thus, NC programming for multi-tasking machine tools spends much time and labor. Therefore, it is required for CAPP/CAM system to minimize the effort of NC programming in terms of easily realizing highly efficient machining. Though there are some CAM systems for a multi-tasking machine tool, they generally need long operating time caused by the manual allocation of parts to generate tool paths. In this study, novel machining features are proposed for complex machining by means of multi-tasking machine tools. Proposed machining features deal with several alternative machining methods and contribute directly to the suitable allocation of machining order. Therefore, process planning can be conducted depending on machining strategy considering available cutting tools and the structure of a multi-tasking machine tool. From the result of case studies, it is found that the proposed machining features show the possibility to reduce the effort and to decide the effective machining process of complex machining.
Serum calcitonin levels before (S1) and after (S2) surgery were measured in 67 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and the patients were followed with serial calcitonin measurements for a mean duration of 7 years. The calcitonin doubling time (T2) was calculated in patients with elevated postoperative calcitonin levels. Assuming that the serum calcitonin level is linearly correlated with tumor weight, the residual tumor weight (W2) is estimated as W1S2/(S1−S2) where W1 is the weight of the resected tumor. The reduction index (α) is defined as W2/(W1+W2)=(1/2)α.αT2indicates the expected prolongation in survival (EPS) by surgery. The survival index (β)is defined as the number of doublings of residual tumor until it weighs 1,000 g, which would generally kill the host. The expected duration of survival (EDS) after surgery is estimated asβT2.Death within 3 years after surgery or recurrence within 5 years was best associated with short EPS followed by short T2 or smallα.S2had a rather weak correlation and S1had almost no correlation with the prognosis. The duration of survival in 3 patients who died of the disease was very close to the EDS. T2indicates growth rate of the tumor,αindicates degree of radicality of the surgery, EPS indicates the effects of the surgery, and EDS indicates duration of survival after surgery. These parameters allow quantitative judgment of the effect of surgery and quantitative prediction of the prognosis in each patient.
The functionality of compound multiaxis machine tools is becoming increasingly versatile as NC lathes evolve. A single compound multiaxis machine tool functions as a 2-axis NC lathe and as a 5 axis machining center. The compound multiaxis machine tool executes machining such as inclined surface and gear cutting, conventionally executed by dedicated machines with special jigs and fixtures. A survey has shown that most machining executed by conventional compound multiaxis machine tools consists of basic drilling and milling on the orthogonal plane, indicating that compound multiaxis machine tools specifications should be designed to meet these requirements. To improve competitiveness and return investment over conventional NC lathes and machining centers, productivity required for a compound multiaxis machine tool is derived based on the machining time of typical parts on conventional machines. Here, we address systematic analysis and methodology to determine compound multiaxis machine tool specifications from the viewpoints of quality and cost.
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