The study focused on the examination of laboratory prepared yoghurts which were fermented with selected starter cultures from commercially sold yoghurt. The starter cultures were molecularly identified (16s rRNA) as Enterococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Pediococcuspentosaceus and Enterococcus durans. The isolates were examined for bile tolerance as an indicator of their ability to survive in the gut. The starter cultures were used to produce different yoghurts in the following order: Enterococcus lactis produced yoghurt, L. plantarum and L. pentosus produced yoghurt, Pediococcuspentosaceus produced yoghurt, E. durans produced yoghurt and yoghurt produced with all starter cultures. All yoghurts were examined for nutritional quality (vitamin A, B12 and C content, soluble and casein bound magnesium and calcium and proximate nutrient composition). At p ≤0.05, there was statistical significant difference in the nutritional content with P. pentosaceus contained yoghurt, E. durans contained yoghurt and yoghurt produced with a combination of all isolates recording the highest nutritional values and the lowest was observed with the control. Safety tests such as haematology and histology were carried out on wistar rats. After 7 days of feeding the rats in groups with the different yoghurts and a control without yoghurt, there were marked improvements in the red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts but no significant difference in the differentials at p ≤0.05. The isolates were also observed to have no disruptive effect on the morphology and structure of the small intestine. Overall, the use of these lactic acid bacteria strains showed immense benefits in their use as starter cultures and the study demonstrated safety of the final products for consumption.
Background: Since the advent of the Web and media, there has been a significant change in the practice of Medicine. The physician is no longer the sole custodian of medical knowledge. A substantial amount of consumer health-related information is available on live streaming, other Internet sources and social media. Nearly two-thirds of American adults (65%) use social networking sites, up from 7% when Pew Research Center began systematically tracking social media usage in 2005. Pew Research reports have documented in great detail how the rise of social media has affected such things as work, politics and political deliberation, communications patterns around the globe, as well as the way people get and share information about health [1]. Studies suggest that consumer comprehension may be compromised if content exceeds what an average American can easily understand. The average reading level in the United States is 8 th grade. The National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) recommend that patient education materials (PEM's) be written at or below the 6 th grade level [2,3]. Objective:To determine the readability level of published materials likely to be encountered by a patient following a Google search of the phrase "blood thinners", a popular synonym of anticoagulant. Study Design: Analysis of Internet-based PEMs on anticoagulation therapy.Methods: PEMs from the first 12 websites encountered on a Google search of the phrase, "blood thinners," were downloaded and assessed for readability using 9 different indices: Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), Gunning Fog Index (GFI), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), SMOG Formula (SMOG), Automated Readability Index (ARI), Linsear Write Formula (LWF), Fry Readability Graph (FRG) and Raygor Estimate Graph (REG). www.readabilityformulas.com was used to compute these readability scores as well as an average grade level. Data were analyzed using the www.endmemo. com. Results:The average reading levels of the 12 PEM's were between the 7 th and 14 th grade with the overall average calculated between the 10 th and 11 th grade. The mean readability and standard errors of mean are as follows: FRE 53.2 +/-3.9, GFI 12.1 +/
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