The application of geographic information systems (GIS) to solid waste management (SWM) has been widely adopted in many cities around the world. Planning a sustainable waste management approach is complex, tedious, and time-consuming, and decision-makers are frequently subjected to conflicting factors. GIS has a crucial role in simplifying and facilitating the implementation of sustainable SWM. It is a powerful tool that can assist in minimizing value conflicts among preference and interest parties by providing better information. In this chapter, the basic principles of how GIS is utilized in SWM planning are discussed. The first few sections deal with sustainable SWM planning, its challenges, and problems with the poor performance of its planning. Furthermore, the principles of GIS, how it evolved in SWM, and its integration with multi-criteria evaluation were discussed. The final sections deal with the application of GIS in waste collection optimization and waste disposal planning. The primary aim of this chapter is, therefore, to aid decision-makers in the field so that they can apply it to the daily challenges of SWM.
Background Pathogenic Staphylococcus species in routine medical care settings poses an increased risk of healthcare-associated infections that causes severe infections in humans and increased morbidity and mortality. These species are the most frequently transmitted infectious agents in the operating room that contributed to more than half of surgical site infections. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of staphylococcus species and their antimicrobial resistance profile in operating rooms of health care facilities. Methods Nine electronic databases including MEDLINE, Embase, Psych INFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, google scholar, Science Direct, and CINAHL will be used to collect the articles. To address the articles missed from the above databases, a direct search from google will be made. Similarly, the reference lists of the included articles will be searched manually. The search for the grey literature will be conducted using national or international repositories. Articles written in the English language, and conducted across the world that reported the prevalence of Staphylococcus species in the operating room will be included. Newcastle-Ottawa scale will be used to assess the quality of the included articles. The data will be extracted using Microsoft Excel 2016 and exported to STATA 16.0 software for the analyses. Pooled estimation of the outcome will be performed using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Heterogeneity and publication bias of the studies will be presented with I2 statistics and funnel plots, respectively. Discussion Even though several studies laid out sources of microbial contamination as diverse and gram-positive bacteria is a common contaminant in the hospital setting, the prevalence and resistance profile of these contaminants in the operation room is not mentioned. This systematic review will provide evidence on the staphylococcus species in the operation room, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of each species. These findings will provide knowledge to clinicians on the level of contamination due to staphylococcus. Only studies published in English will be included and this may limit the current systematic review. Registration: Submitted to PROSPERO on 26/7/2021.
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