BackgroundA vaccine against COVID-19 is a vital tool in managing the current pandemic. It is becoming evident that an effective vaccine would be required to control COVID-19. Effective use of vaccines is very important in controlling pandemics and paving the way for an acceptable exit strategy. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the global COVID-19 acceptance rate that is necessary for better management of COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis protocols and considered the studies conducted on acceptance and/or hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccine. Articles were searched using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The quality of the study was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical assessment tool to determine the relevance of each included article to the study.ResultsOf the 6,021 articles identified through the electronic database search, 68 articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The global pooled acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 64.9% [95% CI of 60.5 to 69.0%]. Based on the subgroup analysis of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate by the World Health Organization's region, the countries where the study was conducted, occupation, and survey period, the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was 60.8% [95% CI: 56.3, 65.2%], 61.9% [95% CI: 61.3, 62.4%], 81.6% [95% CI: 79.7, 83, 2%] and 64.5% [95% CI: 60.3, 68.5%], respectively.ConclusionsThis review revealed the variation in the level of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate across the world. The study found that the overall prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was 64.9%. This finding indicated that even if the COVID-19 vaccine is developed, the issue of accepting or taking the developed vaccine and managing the pandemic may be difficult.
Background: Occupational related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a major public health problem and result in the growing demands of healthcare service utilization, causing temporary and permanent disability and reduced quality of life. In developing countries, particularly in Ethiopia, there is no adequate evidence on the overall prevalence of occupational-related MSDs and remains less prioritized and empirically unrepresented. Thus, this study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of occupational-related musculoskeletal disorders, particularly low and upper back musculoskeletal disorders in Ethiopia.Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis considered studies conducted in Ethiopia, written in the English language, and published from 2017-2020. The articles were searched using the following electronic databases such as Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, African Index Medicus, African Journals Online database, and Science direct using a combination of Boolean logic operators, Medical Subject Headings, and main keywords. Quality assessment of the articles was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools to determine the relevance of articles to the study.Results: The current study found the pooled prevalence of occupational-related upper back pain and low back pain in the previous one year was 27.1% [95% of CI: 18.4, 37.9%] and 54.2% [95% of CI: 48.2, 60.0%] respectively. However, the pooled prevalence of occupational-related upper back pain in the previous one year after subgroup analysis based on publication year, study population, and study area was 43.8% [95% of CI: 39.3, 47.7%], 34.7%[95% of CI: 33.1, 36.2%] and 36.2% [95% of CI: 33.6, 39.0%] respectively while the pooled prevalence of occupational-related low back pain in previous one year based on subgroup analysis by publication year, study population, and study area was 61.8% [95% of CI: 58.9, 64.6%], 52.8% [95% of CI: 51.3, 54.3%] and 55.2% [95% of CI: 51.4, 59.0%] respectively.Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis found that, more than half of the included study participants were experienced low back pain in the previous year, whereas more than one-fourth of the included participants were experienced upper back pain. Thus, applying occupational health and safety practices in the working environment plays an important role in reducing work-related MSDs and other occupational hazards.
BackgroundHand washing with soap and water reduces the risk of diarrheal episode by 28–48% and acute respiratory infection by 20–50%. However, there is limited evidence on hand washing practices among students in Eastern Ethiopia, particularly in Harari town. Therefore, this study aimed to determine hand washing practice among primary school students and associated factors in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was applied among 670 students in Harar town from June 1 to 30, 2021. A multi-stage sampling was employed; 6 out of 20 schools were selected through simple random sampling, while eligible children from each school was selected by probability proportional to size sampling method. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire with a face-to-face interview technique and via observation. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. Binary and mult-variable analysis were used to determine the association between factors and outcome variable. Finally, a p-value of < 0.05 was considered to declare a statistically significant association.ResultsA total of 670 participants were included in the study, of which 248 (37.0%) had washed their hands [95% CI: 33.3–40.06]. Being in grade 8 Adjusted Odd Ratio[AOR = 4.9; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.28–10.52], living in an urban area [AOR = 3.49; 95% CI: 1.29–9.40], having role models (parents [AOR = 4.41; 95% CI: 1.79–10.86], teachers [AOR = 3.69; 95% CI: 1.39–8.81], and health professionals [AOR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.17–8.63]), availability of hand washing facility [AOR = 3.62; 95% CI: 1.57–8.34], access to soap and water [AOR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.39–5.98] and being membership of water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) club [AOR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.41–4.03] were found to be significantly associated with hand washing practice.ConclusionsThe current study found that nearly a third of students practiced proper hand washing. Hand washing practice was influenced by students' grade level, residence, referents (role models for hand washing), presence of a hand washing facility, access to water and soap, and membership of WASH club. Therefore, the finding revealed that there is a need to improve hand-washing practices in schools by concerned agencies.
BackgroundHealthcare workers are in constant contact with a wide variety of materials and surfaces, including waste, body fluids, mucous membranes, food, their own bodies, and the skin of patients. As a result, their hands are colonized by different groups of pathogens. Hand hygiene of healthcare workers is recognized to be the main factor in reducing healthcare-associated infections. Therefore, this study aimed to assess hand hygiene adherence and related factors among nurses working in public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia.MethodsAn institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted in Hospital, Hararghe zone, Eastern Ethiopia from July 1 to 30, 2021. A total of 451 study participants were randomly selected, after the proportional allocation of study participants to each selected hospital. The data was collected using self-administered questionnaire and observation checklist. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data. Bivariable and multivariable analysis were employed to assess the association between outcome and independent variables. Finally, a p-value of < 0.05 was used as a cutoff point for statistical significance.ResultsOut of 436 eligible nurses, the overall hand hygiene compliance was 37.4% [95% CI (0.33, 0.42)]. The overall compliance among those working in medical, surgical, OR ward, OPD, Gynecology/obstetrics, emergency ward, Intensive care units, Pediatrics, and other wards/departments was 46.8, 44.8, 35.7, 28.2, 20.7, 45.1, 23.1, 40.5, and 29.4%, respectively. The mean knowledge score was 21.6% (SD: 2.08). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant association between hand hygiene compliance and gender, work experience, training in hand hygiene, availability of running water, and knowledge of hand hygiene.ConclusionThe current study found overall compliance with hand hygiene accounted for 34.7%. Therefore, an exemplary worker may initiate others to do so, and strong managerial and leadership commitment may also help the workers stick to the rules and regulations to follow the multimodal hand hygiene practice as per WHO recommendation.
Background: Antibiotics are among the most widely used drugs in farm animals for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. However, the antibiotic residues in meat are a serious public health concern due to their harmful effects on consumer health. Besides this problem, there is limited information on the level of the antibiotic residues, including tetracycline residues. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the tetracycline residues in the kidney and muscle samples of beef cattle in Harar town and Dire Dawa city. Methods: A study was conducted on 500 randomly selected carcass (250 kidney and 250 muscle samples) slaughtered at Dire Dawa and Harar municipal slaughterhouses between December 2018 and December 2019. The samples were collected aseptically and screened for tetracycline residues by thin layer chromatography. Then, presumptive positive samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography to get a quantitative outcome. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the frequency, mean, or standard deviation to determine the summary values and distribution of the outcomes. Finally, the data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Results: Out of 500 samples, oxytetracycline residues were detected in 84% of the samples. However, tetracycline and doxycycline were not detected in all samples. Among the kidney and muscle samples collected from Dire Dawa and Harar abattoirs, 109 (87.2%) and 101 (80.8%) were positive for oxytetracycline, respectively. Oxytetracycline residue levels in Dire Dawa ranged from 57 to 607 µg/kg for the kidney and 10.14 to 435 µg/kg for muscle samples. Among the samples collected from Harar, the concentration of oxytetracycline residues ranged from 16 to 433 µg/kg and 6 to 435 µg/kg for kidney and muscle samples, respectively, at Harar slaughterhouses. About 22.0% of muscle samples collected from Dire Dawa and 17.8% from Harar town had oxytetracycline residues above maximum residue limits. Conclusions: In general, the study revealed that oxytetracycline residues were prevalent among tetracycline residues analyzed from kidney and muscle samples in the study areas. Thus, there is a risk of consumer exposure to these antibiotic residues that may have human health effects. Therefore, awareness creation and strict regulation is needed by the regulatory authorities for the use of antimicrobial drugs in the livestock industry.
Background Currently, work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a significant public health concern and are a leading cause of disability-adjusted life years and reducing the quality of life worldwide. In developing countries including Ethiopia, there is no adequate evidence on the overall prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and it remains less prioritized and unrepresented. Thus, the current study aimed to provide the country wide prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders particularly shoulder and neck pain in Ethiopia. Methods This study considered the studies conducted in Ethiopia, written in English language and published from 2017–2020. The studies were searched using various electronic databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Embase, African Index Medicus, and African Journals Online database from 16 July 2020 to 22 August 2020. The articles were searched using a Boolean logic operator (“AND”, “OR”, “NOT”) in combination with Medical Subject Heading (MeSH), terms, and keywords. Quality assessment of the studies was done using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tools to determine the relevance of each included article to the study. Results The current study found the pooled prevalence of work-related shoulder and neck pain in the previous one year accounted 37.9% [95% CI:26.5, 50.8%; P-value < 0.001] and 29.9% [95% CI:20.1, 41.9%; P-value = 0.002] respectively. Based on the subgroup analysis, the pooled prevalence of work-related shoulder pain in the last one year based on the study population, publication year, and study region was 47.6% [95% CI: 45.8, 49.4%], 49.8% [95% CI: 45.7, 53.9%] and 44.6% [95% CI: 41.4, 47.8%] respectively while the pooled prevalence of neck pain in the last one year based on study population, publication year, and study area was 39.1% (95% CI: 37.5, 40.7%], 25.1% [ 95% CI: 20.8, 29.9%] and 32.6% [95% CI: 29.8, 35.5%] respectively. Conclusion This study found that at least one-third of the study participants were experienced occupational-related shoulder and/or neck pain in the previous last one year. The study suggests that there is a need to improve and implement occupational health and safety in the working environments to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders such as shoulder and neck pain, and other, occupational hazards.
Background Pathogenic Staphylococcus species in routine medical care settings poses an increased risk of healthcare-associated infections that causes severe infections in humans and increased morbidity and mortality. These species are the most frequently transmitted infectious agents in the operating room that contributed to more than half of surgical site infections. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of staphylococcus species and their antimicrobial resistance profile in operating rooms of health care facilities. Methods Nine electronic databases including MEDLINE, Embase, Psych INFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, google scholar, Science Direct, and CINAHL will be used to collect the articles. To address the articles missed from the above databases, a direct search from google will be made. Similarly, the reference lists of the included articles will be searched manually. The search for the grey literature will be conducted using national or international repositories. Articles written in the English language, and conducted across the world that reported the prevalence of Staphylococcus species in the operating room will be included. Newcastle-Ottawa scale will be used to assess the quality of the included articles. The data will be extracted using Microsoft Excel 2016 and exported to STATA 16.0 software for the analyses. Pooled estimation of the outcome will be performed using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Heterogeneity and publication bias of the studies will be presented with I2 statistics and funnel plots, respectively. Discussion Even though several studies laid out sources of microbial contamination as diverse and gram-positive bacteria is a common contaminant in the hospital setting, the prevalence and resistance profile of these contaminants in the operation room is not mentioned. This systematic review will provide evidence on the staphylococcus species in the operation room, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of each species. These findings will provide knowledge to clinicians on the level of contamination due to staphylococcus. Only studies published in English will be included and this may limit the current systematic review. Registration: Submitted to PROSPERO on 26/7/2021.
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