Interactions between particles in quantum many-body systems can lead to collective behavior described by hydrodynamics. One such system is the electron-hole plasma in graphene near the charge-neutrality point, which can form a strongly coupled Dirac fluid. This charge-neutral plasma of quasi-relativistic fermions is expected to exhibit a substantial enhancement of the thermal conductivity, thanks to decoupling of charge and heat currents within hydrodynamics. Employing high-sensitivity Johnson noise thermometry, we report an order of magnitude increase in the thermal conductivity and the breakdown of the Wiedemann-Franz law in the thermally populated charge-neutral plasma in graphene. This result is a signature of the Dirac fluid and constitutes direct evidence of collective motion in a quantum electronic fluid.

Two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PM)1 enables scientists in various fields including neuroscience2,3, embryology4, and oncology5 to visualize in vivo and ex vivo tissue morphology and physiology at a cellular level deep within scattering tissue. However, tissue scattering limits the maximum imaging depth of 2PM within the mouse brain to the cortical layer, and imaging subcortical structures currently requires the removal of overlying brain tissue3 or the insertion of optical probes6,7. Here we demonstrate non-invasive, high resolution, in vivo imaging of subcortical structures within an intact mouse brain using three-photon fluorescence microscopy (3PM) at a spectral excitation window of 1,700 nm. Vascular structures as well as red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled neurons within the mouse hippocampus are imaged. The combination of the long excitation wavelength and the higher order nonlinear excitation overcomes the limitations of 2PM, enabling biological investigations to take place at greater depth within tissue.

Electrical confinement and manipulation of charge carriers in semiconducting nanostructures are essential for realizing functional quantum electronic devices. The unique band structure of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offers a new route towards realizing novel 2D quantum electronic devices, such as valleytronic devices and valley-spin qubits . 2D TMDs also provide a platform for novel quantum optoelectronic devices due to their large exciton binding energy. However, controlled confinement and manipulation of electronic and excitonic excitations in TMD nanostructures have been technically challenging due to the prevailing disorder in the material, preventing accurate experimental control of local confinement and tunnel couplings. Here we demonstrate a novel method for creating high-quality heterostructures composed of atomically thin materials that allows for efficient electrical control of excitations. Specifically, we demonstrate quantum transport in the gate-defined, quantum-confined region, observing spin-valley locked quantized conductance in quantum point contacts. We also realize gate-controlled Coulomb blockade associated with confinement of electrons and demonstrate electrical control over charged excitons with tunable local confinement potentials and tunnel couplings. Our work provides a basis for novel quantum opto-electronic devices based on manipulation of charged carriers and excitons.

We demonstrate a reconfigurable quantum dot gate architecture that incorporates two interchangeable transport channels. One channel is used to form quantum dots and the other is used for charge sensing. The quantum dot transport channel can support either a single or a double quantum dot. We demonstrate few-electron occupation in a single quantum dot and extract charging energies as large as 6.6 meV. Magnetospectroscopy is used to measure valley splittings in the range of 35-70 µeV. By energizing two additional gates we form a few-electron double quantum dot and demonstrate tunable tunnel coupling at the (1,0) to (0,1) interdot charge transition.PACS numbers: 73.21. La, 85.35.Gv Quantum dots have considerable potential for the realization of spin-based quantum devices. 1,2 Extremely long spin coherence times 3-5 and the ability to utilize existing fabrication processes make silicon an attractive host material for quantum dot qubits. 6-8 Existing depletion mode designs use gate electrode patterns that are much larger than the spatial extent of the resulting electron wavefunctions. 9 As a result, it is difficult to precisely control the electronic confinement potential. Successful scaling to a larger number of quantum dots will require fine control of the confinement potential on 20 nm length scales. Accumulation mode designs, 10,11 where electrons are accumulated under small positively biased gates (instead of depleted using large "stadium" gate designs 12 ) allow control of the confinement potential on a much smaller length scale and merit further development.In this letter we present a reconfigurable accumulation mode device architecture that utilizes three overlapping aluminum gate layers. The device architecture has two parallel (and interchangeable) transport channels. One of the channels is used to create single and double quantum dots, while the other channel is used to define a charge sensor quantum dot. 13 The natural length scale of this gate architecture is comparable to the resulting dot size, allowing a higher degree of control compared to depletion mode devices. 12 Direct local accumulation also reduces capacitive cross-coupling, simplifying the formation of double quantum dots and tuning of the relevant tunnel rates. The architecture demonstrated here provides a straightforward method for scaling to a larger series array of N quantum dots, with the required number of gate electrodes in each channel growing linearly as 2N +1.The device is fabricated on an undoped Si/SiGe heterostructure with the growth profile shown in Fig. 1(a). A SiGe relaxed buffer substrate is grown on a Si wafer by linearly varying the Ge concentration from 0 to 30% over 3 µm. The surface of this virtual substrate is then polished before growing an additional 225 nm thick Si 0.7 Ge 0.3 layer, followed by an 8 nm Si quantum well a) Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA (QW), a 50 nm Si 0.7 Ge 0.3 spacer and a 2 nm protective Si cap. The Si QW is uniaxially strained by the Si/Si 0.7 Ge 0.3 lattice...

We characterize long (up to 285 mm) gradient index (GRIN) lens endoscope systems for multiphoton imaging. We fabricate a portable, rigid endoscope system suitable for imaging unstained tissues, potentially deep within the body, using a GRIN lens system of 1 mm diameter and 8 cm length. The portable device is capable of imaging a ~200 µm diameter field of view at 4 frames/s. The lateral and axial resolution in water is 0.85 µm and 7.4 µm respectively. In vivo images of unstained tissues in live, anesthetized rats using the portable device are presented. These results show great promise for GRIN endoscopy to be used clinically.

. (2010) Chromatic dispersion compensation in coherent transmission system using digital filters. Optics Express, 18 (15 Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.Publisher's statement: © 2010 Optical Society of America. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modifications of the content of this paper are prohibited. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.016243 A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. Abstract:We present a comparative analysis of three popular digital filters for chromatic dispersion compensation: a time-domain least mean square adaptive filter, a time-domain fiber dispersion finite impulse response filter, and a frequency-domain blind look-up filter. The filters are applied to equalize the chromatic dispersion in a 112-Gbit/s non-return-to-zero polarization division multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying transmission system. The characteristics of these filters are compared by evaluating their applicability for different fiber lengths, their usability for dispersion perturbations, and their computational complexity. In addition, the phase noise tolerance of these filters is also analyzed.

We measure the interdot charge relaxation time T1 of a single electron trapped in an accumulation mode Si/SiGe double quantum dot. The energy level structure of the charge qubit is determined using photon assisted tunneling, which reveals the presence of a low-lying excited state. We systematically measure T1 as a function of detuning and interdot tunnel coupling and show that it is tunable over four orders of magnitude, with a maximum of 45  μs for our device configuration.

The Email Mining Toolkit (EMT) is a data mining system that computes behavior profiles or models of user email accounts. These models may be used for a multitude of tasks including forensic analyses and detection tasks of value to law enforcement and intelligence agencies, as well for as other typical tasks such as virus and spam detection. To demonstrate the power of the methods, we focus on the application of these models to detect the early onset of a viral propagation without "content-based" (or signature-based) analysis in common use in virus scanners. We present several experiments using real email from 15 users with injected simulated viral emails and describe how the combination of different behavior models improves overall detection rates. The performance results vary depending upon parameter settings, approaching 99% true positive (TP) (percentage of viral emails caught) in general cases and with 0.38% false positive (FP) (percentage of emails with attachments that are mislabeled as viral). The models used for this study are based upon volume and velocity statistics of a user's email rate and an analysis of the user's (social) cliques revealed in the person's email behavior. We show by way of simulation that virus propagations are detectable since viruses may emit emails at rates different than human behavior suggests is normal, and email is directed to groups of recipients in ways that violate the users' typical communications with their social groups.