An ultraviolet light-emitting diode (LED) operating at room temperature was realized using a p–n heterojunction composed of transparent conductive oxides, p-SrCu2O2 and n-ZnO. Multilayered films prepared by a pulsed-laser deposition technique were processed by conventional photolithography with the aid of reactive ion etching to fabricate the LED device. A rather sharp emission band centered at 382 nm was generated when a forward bias voltage exceeding the turn-on voltage of 3 V was applied to the junction. The emission may be attributed to a transition associated with the electron–hole plasma of ZnO.
In situ video observations and sediment core samplings were performed at two hadal sites in the Japan Trench on July, 2011, four months after the Tohoku–Oki earthquake. Video recordings documented dense nepheloid layers extending ~30–50 m above the sea bed. At the trench axis, benthic macrofauna was absent and dead organisms along with turbid downslope current were observed. The top 31 cm of sediment in the trench axis revealed three recent depositions events characterized by elevated 137Cs levels and alternating sediment densities. At 4.9 km seaward from the trench axis, little deposition was observed but the surface sediment contained 134Cs from the Fukushima Dai–ichi nuclear disaster. We argue that diatom blooms observed by remote sensing facilitated rapid deposition of 134Cs to hadal environment and the aftershocks induced successive sediment disturbances and maintained dense nepheloid layers in the trench even four months after the mainshock.
Polymorphic behavior of palm oil crystals was studied by DSC isothermal analysis and microscopic observation. Different crystal forms developed specific spherulites depending on the degree of super‐cooling from the melt. The A‐form crystal was capable of forming a dotted spherulite and the B‐form crystal of forming a dendritic spherulite. Experimental results of B form crystallization studied by the DSC and a microscope under kinetic conditions were evaluated using Avarami's theory, since the behavior of the oil during crystallization related well to that of high polymers. The crystallization process was divided into nucleation and crystal‐growth phases to facilitate a theoretical treatment similar to that of high polymers, providing crystals possessing overall structural regularity.
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