The Population History of the Japanese Kazuro Hanihara explains the population history of the Japanese population including the Okinawa islanders (Ryukyus) and Ainu under a single hypothesis. The model assumes that the first occupants of the Japanese Archipelago came from somewhere in Southeast Asia in the Upper Palaeolithic age and gave rise to the people in the Neolithic Jomon age, or Jomonese; then the second wave of migration from North Asia took place in and after the Aeneolithic Yayoi age; and the populations of both intermixture is still continuing and the dual structure of the Japanese population is maintained even today. Thus, several regional differences such as those between eastern and western Japan in physical as well as cultural characteristics can be explained by the rates of intermixture that vary from region to region. In general, this model agrees well not only with physical and cultural evidence but also with non-human evidence revealed by man's symbiotic animals such as Japanese dogs and mice. At the same time, the model provides a reasonable way of explanation in regard to affinities and relationships among the Japanese main islanders, Ryukyus and Ainu.
The number of migrants to Japan during the period of 1,000 years from the Aeneolithic Yayoi to early historic ages (ca. 300 B. C. to ca. 700 A. D.) were estimated by means of 2 models of simulation.One is the population growth model and the other the morphological change model. Both models provide almost the same estimates which suggest the number of the migrants might have been much greater than was expected.The total number of migrants from the Asian Continent is estimated to be more than a million by the 7th century and the proportion of the populations of native Jomon and migrant lineages was supposed to be roughly 1:9 or 2:8 in the protohistoric Kof un and early historic ages, at least in west Japan.Although the models applied in the present study are still immature, the results obtained seem to represent considerable significance for further analyses on the formation processes of the Japanese population.
This study has been carried out to assess the age from the pubic symphysial surface employing a multiple regression analysis and a quantification theory model I analysis. Using partial regression coefficients and/or normalized scores obtained from the analyses, ages of skeletal remains can be quantitatively estimated with a fairly high reliability. The use of this method is, however, limited to the samples between 18 and 38 years of age, because age changes in the symphysial surface show large variations after about 40 years. The reliability of this method was also examined.
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