The Rana Plaza factory disaster in April 2013, which resulted in the death of a large number of factory workers and injured many more in Bangladesh's ready‐made garment industry, highlighted the sustained failure of the government of Bangladesh to address safety in the workplace. In the wake of the tragedy two significant transnational governance initiatives emerged — the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh (hereafter the Accord) and the Alliance for Bangladesh Workers’ Safety (hereafter the Alliance). For the first time, different key stakeholders worked together to address fire, electrical and structural safety of factory buildings. This study analyses the perceptions of factory managers in Bangladesh regarding the Accord and Alliance agreements. The article argues that although there have been significant breakthroughs in terms of developing a culture of safety adhered to by the government and entrepreneurs, the suppliers have encountered difficulties in implementing these initiatives. The limited support from buyers has posed a major challenge for the sustainability of these two multi‐stakeholder agreements.
In 2013, the Rana Plaza disaster highlighted the highly exploitative conditions of the global garment supply chain centred on Bangladesh. Global lead firms and other stakeholders responded by reforming the labour governance system comprising public and private regulations. How can the effects of this new multi-level governance system on worker outcomes (wages, working conditions and workers’ rights) be conceptualized and explained? Using an inter-disciplinary framework integrating an industrial relations/sociology perspective and a global production network approach, we show how workplace relations (structural and relational workplace characteristics) mediate the relationship between the labour governance system and worker outcomes. A mixed methods research design that includes a factory management survey and case studies enables us to identify and analyse two predominant types of workplace labour regimes associated with different patterns of worker outcomes (procedural and substantive employment conditions). Referred to as the hardship and sweatshop regimes, respectively, these differ in the extent to which workers are exploited. With the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, we discuss the possibility that modern slavery, the worst form of worker exploitation, is emerging. The paper concludes by briefly considering several research and practical implications of our analysis.
In the field of additive manufacturing process, laser cladding is widely considered due to its cost effectiveness, small localized heat generation, and full fusion to metals. Introducing nanoparticles with cladding metals produces metal matrix nanocomposites, which in turn improves the material characteristics of the clad layer. The governing equations that control the fluid flow are standard incompressible Navier–Stokes and heat diffusion equation, whereas the Euler–Lagrange approach has been considered for particle tracking. The mathematical formulation for solidification is adopted based on enthalpy porosity method. Liquid titanium has been considered as the initial condition where particle distribution has been assumed uniform throughout the geometry. A numerical model implemented in a commercial software based on control volume method has been developed, which allows to simulate the fluid flow during solidification as well as tracking nanoparticles during this process. A detailed parametric study has been conducted by changing the Marangoni number, convection heat transfer coefficient, constant temperature below the melting point of titanium, and insulated boundary conditions to analyze the behavior of the nanoparticle movement. The influence of increase in Marangoni number results in a higher concentration of nanoparticles in some portions of the geometry and lack of nanoparticles in rest of the geometry. The high concentration of nanoparticles decreases with a decrease in Marangoni number. Furthermore, an increase in the rate of solidification time limits the nanoparticle movement from its original position which results in different distribution patterns with respect to the solidification time.
The original goal of this study was to try and understand the relationship between the thermal and mechanical properties of particulate flows. Two situations were examined. The first is a study of the effects of simple shear flows, as a embryonic flow type on the apparent thermal conductivity and apparent viscosity of a dry granular flow. This program has demonstrated that both quantities increase linearly with the imposed velocity gradient, implying that both are driven by the square root of the granular temperature (just as the viscosity and thermal conductivity of a billiard ball gas varies as the square root of the thermodynamic temperature). In addition, the studies the differences in the mechanism of internal transport of the two quantities. They indicate that both heat and momentum may be transported in the streaming mode, i.e. by the random motions of the constituent particles, but, as heat transfer is a relatively slow process, only momentum is exchanged in interparticle collisions. The second study involved fluidized beds. The original idea was to try and relate the heat transfer behavior of a fluidized bed to the "particle pressure _, the forces by only the particle phase of the twophase mixture. This part of the study was really two steps in itself. While terms involving the particle pressure and other interparticle forces have long appeared in multiphase flow models, these terms have never been measured. Consequently, there is great value in simply measuring the particle pressures. We performed this study in a gas fluidized bed and determined that the principle generation of particle pressure came from the motion of bubbles and that the particle pressure could be related to the bubble size. The second phase of the study was to relate the particle pressure to the heat transfer• This, unfortunately proved unsuccessful. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Reynolds' Analogy for Particle Flows: The Relationship between the 3 Apparent Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity for a Sheared Granular Material 2.1 Exp_rimental Apparatus 2.2 Experimental Procedure 2.3 Calculation of the Apparent Thermal Conductivity 2.4 Results and Discussion 14 2'5 Conclusions 3.0 Particle Pressures in Gas Fluidized Beds 3.1 The Particle Pressure Transducer 3.2 T_ting of the Particle Pressure Transducer 28 3.3 Flwldized Bed 33 3.4 Partick\: Pressures in Gas-Fluidized Beds 33 3.5 The New Particle Pressure Transducer 44 3.6 Particle Pressure in Gas-Fluidized Beds Undergoing Particulate Fluidization 46 3.7 The Relationship between the Particle Pressure and Reat Transfer 50 3.8 Conclusions 52 4.0 Appendix-Experimental Innovations 54 4.1 Heater Control Circuit 54 4.2 Thermocouple Connections through Slip Rings 55 References 58 , CIIAPTER2: REYNOLDS' ANALOGY FOR PARTICLE FLOWS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE APPAKENT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY FOR A SHEARED GRANULAR MATERIAL "Reynolds analogy" for fluids is a term that is commonly used to describe relationships between their mechanical behavior-e.g. the shear force exerted on a s...
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