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Types of microorganisms involved Generally, biofilms are formed by bacteria which colonize plants, e.g. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida, related pseudomonas spp., that are usual plant-associated bacteria found on roots, and leaves, in the soil, and the majority of their natural isolates form biofilms. Several nitrogen-fixing symbionts of legumes such as Rhizobium leguminosarum and Sinorhizobium meliloti form biofilms on legume roots and other inert surfaces. Along with bacteria, biofilms are also generated by archaeal. 10 Many different bacteria form biofilms, including gram-positive (e.g. Bacillus spp, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus spp., and lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis) and gram-negative species (e.g. Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Cyanobacteria also form biofilms in aquatic environments. 11