The health benefits imparted by probiotics and prebiotics as well as synbiotics have been the subject of extensive research in the past few decades. These food supplements termed as functional foods have been demonstrated to alter, modify and reinstate the pre-existing intestinal flora. They also facilitate smooth functions of the intestinal environment. Most commonly used probiotic strains are: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacilli, S. boulardii, B. coagulans. Prebiotics like FOS, GOS, XOS, Inulin; fructans are the most commonly used fibers which when used together with probiotics are termed synbiotics and are able to improve the viability of the probiotics. Present review focuses on composition and roles of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in human health. Furthermore, additional health benefits like immune-modulation, cancer prevention, inflammatory bowel disease etc. are also discussed.
Local anesthetic activity was investigated with an assumed hypothesis that the essential alkyl substituted nitrogen having strong ionization characteristics (pKa in basic side) generally found in local anesthetics can be replaced by amide nitrogen, having chloro methyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon of amide. In this type of arrangement, the inductive effect exerted by chlorine provided enough ionization character to amide nitrogen. Eight esters, ten amides and one imidazole derivatives of 4-(2-chloroacetamido) benzoic acid were synthesized by Fischer’s esterification, Schotten-Baumann and substitution reactions. The synthesized derivatives (A1–A18 and A.im) were characterized by various instrumental techniques.ACD Lab Suite® was used to determine various physiochemical properties of synthesized molecules. Initially, infiltration local anesthetic activity was determined by Bianchi’s method. Five compounds (A1, A2, A4, A10, and A.im) showed promising local anesthetic activity, where the comparison was made with lignocaine HCl, thus conforming assumed hypothesis. However, the studied compounds have potency lower than that of lignocaine HCl. Compounds showing promising activity with low toxicity were studied further by in-vivo rat sciatic nerve block method using increasing doses. A.im was studied for topological similarity with lignocaine HCl where it showed good local anesthetic activity and was relatively very less toxicity. The reduced toxicity of these molecules may be attributed due to the carbonyl chloro methyl side chain. Further structural advancement may be done by researchers to increase the potency of these compounds since they are relatively less toxic than lignocaine.
Probiotics are microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits to the host. A leading pharmaceutical company producing Bacillus coagulans as a probiotic was facing the problem of recurring phage attacks. Two mutants viz. B. co PIII and B. co MIII that were isolated as phage resistant mutants after UV irradiation and MMS treatment of phage sensitive B. coagulans parental culture were characterized at functional and molecular level and were noted to have undergone interesting genetic changes. The non-specific genetic alterations induced by mutagenesis can also lead to alterations in cell performance. Hence, in the current study the parental strain and the two mutants were selected for shake flask optimization. Plackett–Burman design was used to select the significant culture variables affecting biomass production. Evolutionary operation method was applied for further optimization. The study showed wide variations in the nutritional requirements of phage resistant mutants, post exposure to mutagens. An increment of 150, 134 and 152 % was observed in the biomass productions of B. coagulans (parental type) and mutants B.co PIII and B.co MIII respectively, compared to the yield from one-factor-at-a-time technique. Using Logistic and modified Leudeking–Piret equations, biomass accumulation and substrate utilization efficiency of the bioprocess were determined. The experimental data was in agreement with the results predicted by statistical analysis and modelling. The developed model may be useful for controlling the growth and substrate consumption kinetics in large scale fermentation using B. coagulans.
The health conscious consumers have started understanding and gravitating towards probiotic consumption for the rise in documented health benefits they impart on the hosts. Digestive well-being is the global obsession among the rapidly aging population. Amongst the many probiotic bacteria and yeasts available, Bacillus coagulans is one of the most robust spore forming probiotic which is in high demand by the commercial producers for several technological advantages. This mini review enlists the reported health effects exerted by this dynamic probiotic-B. coagulans and also commercial formulations containing them.
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