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Gaseous and particulate emissions from three residential wood pellet boilers and a stove were characterized and quantified at start-up, steady (full, medium and low combustion power), and stop phases. The aim was to characterize the emissions during the different phases of boiler operation and to identify when the major part of the emissions occur to enable actions for emission reduction where the savings can be highest. The investigated emissions comprised carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), total organic carbon (TOC), and particulate matter (PM 2.5). In this study, particle emissions were characterized by both number and mass concentration. The emission characteristics at high combustion power were relatively similar for all tested devices while significant differences in CO and TOC were observed at lower combustion power. Highest CO and TOC emissions are produced by the bottom fed boiler at low combustion power. The accumulated start-up emissions of the tested devices varied in the ranges of 0.5−12 g CO, 0.1−0.7 g NO, 0.1−2 g TOC, 0.12−2.9 g PM2.5, and 2.4 × 10 13 to 3.1 × 10 14 particles PM2.5. The accumulated stop emissions varied in the ranges 4−15.5 g CO, 0.01−0.11 g NO, 0.02−1.6 g TOC, 0.1−1.3 g PM2.5, and 3.3 × 10 13 to 1.4 × 10 14 particles PM2.5. The bottom fed boiler B1 had higher start-up and stop emissions than the tested top fed boilers and more particle emissions were accumulated in start-up phase than in stop phases of boiler B1, B3, and stove S1. Number of particles emitted from residential wood pellet combustion is dominated by fine particles smaller than 1 μm and similar particle distribution both in number and mass were observed for the tested devices. The start-up phase generated higher accumulated particle mass than the stop phase.

Optimizing solar and pellet heating systems can be performed by system simulations in TRNSYS. However; this requires detailed boiler models that can properly model the thermal behaviour of the boilers, such as stratification and thermal response. This study uses a combination of existing models for modelling of the pellet burner part (TRNSYS Type 210) and the water volume (TRNSYS Type 340). This approach addresses the thermal dynamics and internal stratification more accurately than other available models. The objectives of this work are to develop a method for parameter identification for the model and to validate this method and the model itself. Sets of parameters are identified for two pellet boilers and one pellet stove with a water jacket (extended room heater) and the model is validated with a realistic dynamic operation sequence. The results show that modelling of stratification is essential in order to model the true behaviour of residential boilers. The test sequences used were adequate to parameterise the models and to provide the desired accuracy, except regarding the heat losses to room air. The model shows good accuracy for a stove and one boiler, but slightly worse performance for the other boiler regarding dynamics and modelling of the stratification.

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