The characteristics of orange (O) luminescence in undoped CdS were examined by observing the energy shift of the emission peak as a function of composition in two kinds of solid solution, CdS
x
Se1-x
and Cd
y
Zn1-y
S. Different behaviors of the O-bands were observed in these solid solutions. The O-emission in CdS is thermally quenched at about 200 K with an activation energy of 0.21 eV.
From the results, the emission mechanism was explained as D(donor)-A(acceptor) pair recombination with the donor level 0.21 eV below the bottom of the conduction band and the acceptor level 0.29 eV above the top of the valence band. The donor responsible for the emission seems to be related to native defects such as Cd interstitials or S vacancies.
It was found that the production of human monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) by human-human hybridomas can be significantly enhanced by replacing glucose with fructose in the dish culture medium. Optimization of initial concentrations of fructose and glutamine, another influencing factor for MoAb production, enabled an enhanced production of human MoAb 2.1 times higher than that obtained using the conventional culture media employing glucose. It was shown by kinetic analysis that enhanced MoAb production at the optimum fructose concentration can be attributed to the retention of high specific antibody production rates and diminished time lag during the course of culture. These dish culture results with fructose-containing medium were successfully applied to the continuous perfusion culture with a slight modification, where 2.9- and 1.9-fold enhancements in specific antibody production rate and MoAb concentration, respectively, were attained as compared with the conventional glucose-containing medium. An inverse relationship was observed between the secreted concentrations of lactic acid and MoAb when the hybridoma was cultured in the media containing varying concentrations of fructose, i.e., the lower the lactic acid concentration, the higher the MoAb production and vice versa, suggesting that fructose at appropriate concentrations in the medium can serve as an alternative sugar for the efficient production of human MoAbs, with reduced pH shifts, for the serum-free culture of human-human hybridomas.
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