The study examines spatiotemporal distribution of fire weather conditions during the fire seasons of 1990–2020 in the mixed forests areas of the territory of Belarus and Ukraine using monthly mean Fire Weather Index (FWI) averaged for each administrative area in the study region. It was revealed that the lowest FWI values were observed in the northern and northwestern regions of Belarus, the highest values were in the southeast. On the territory of Ukraine, FWI values increase toward the east regions. In the seasonal distribution, the FWI increases from March to May and in the middle of summer the index reaches a maximum in the all regions. Analysis of the FWI dynamics over the five-year periods showed that the frequency of danger fire weather conditions varied from a "very low" level to "moderate" level most of the study period. In the last pentad 2015–2020, "high" fire danger level began to appear in the south of Belarus and in the northern part of Ukraine. During the study period, in some regions of Ukraine, there was a decrease in the frequency of the FWI values of 'low' danger level and its simultaneous increase at the higher levels, in connection with the observed climate change in the region.
In recent decades in the world, and in the Republic of Belarus in particular, the question of the impact of weather conditions on the development of sectors of the economy and life of the population has become acute. The sudden changes in weather conditions can lead to adverse and dangerous weather phenomena that cause significant damage to the country’s economy. This paper examines the frequency of dangerous weather phenomena in cyclones of different trajectories that moved through the territory of the Republic of Belarus during the period of 1995–2015. It is identified that southern and western cyclones caused dangerous weather events over the territory of Belarus. The interannual and seasonal frequency of cyclones causing dangerous weather phenomena in Belarus was analyzed. It is shown that the largest number of southern and western cyclones was characteristic mainly for the summer period, as well as the transitional seasons of the year, therefore the dangerous weather phenomena were associated mainly with the development of severe convection on atmospheric fronts. Such phenomena as very heavy rain, snowfall and wind had the highest frequency in cyclones, as in southern as western trajectories. The share of strong sticking of wet snow and large hail were isolated cases and these phenomena were recorded locally over the territory of country.
The geographical position of the Arctic front and two branches of the Polar front over Europe was determined during the period 1995–2015 using calculated grid fields of the thermal frontal parameter in the troposphere layer of 850–700 hPa. It was revealed that the geographical position of climatological fronts changed both in the cold and warm periods of the year in comparison with climate data. The most recent standard reference period of 1961–1990 recommended by WMO (WMO, 2017) was used for comparison. It is shown that in January there was a shift of the northern and southern branches of the Polar front to the north compared to the reference climate period, and in July the convergence of both branches of the Polar front in the middle latitudes was observed. The Arctic front was characterized by a northern location compared to the climate in both January and July. It is revealed that the main areas of frontogenesis in the cold period of the year were the sea surface, namely, the southern regions of the Norwegian Sea, the central part of the Baltic Sea, and the western half of the Mediterranean Sea. In the summer, more active atmospheric fronts were over the continent in the area of the mountain systems such as the south of the Scandinavian mountains, the north of the Alps and Pyrenees, the Urals, and the lower Volga region. The Arctic front intensified over the Barents and Norwegian Seas in all seasons of the year.
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