Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that suppresses the production of viable pollen. CMS is a useful biological tool for confinement strategies to facilitate coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops in case where it is required. The trait is reversible and can be restored to fertility in the presence of nuclear restorer genes (Rf genes) and by environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the level of irrigation on the stability of CMS maize hybrids under defined greenhouse conditions. Additionally the combination of irrigation and air temperature was studied. Three CMS maize hybrids were grown with different levels of irrigation and in different temperature regimes. Tassel characteristics, pollen production and fertility were assessed. The CMS stability was high in hot air temperatures and decreased in lower temperatures. The level of irrigation had no major effect on the level of sterility. The extent of these phenomena was depending on the genotype of CMS maize and should be known before using CMS for coexistence purposes.
Public libraries play an important role in supporting and safeguarding educational justice and societal participation. The so-called third place – with the home as the first place and the school or workplace as the second place – forms a central support structure beyond formal educational institutions. The corona crisis forced public libraries to close temporarily, adapt their services, and develop new formats. This article analyzes these latest developments in Germany and Europe, illustrating the challenges public libraries are facing as a result of the corona crisis. The main research focus is on public libraries’ recent transformation – not only during the corona crisis – and its implications for safeguarding educational justice. This study will discuss the challenges posed by these developments based on the case of the German city of Bonn, thereby illustrating the importance of public libraries’ geography in strengthening educational justice.
Aim: The black leaf spot disease on corn salad caused by the bacterium Acidovorax valerianellae has been observed in Europe for several years and causes economic losses in corn salad cropping. Contaminated seeds or infested soil are considered as the major infection sources. The use of healthy seed material is the only way to prevent disease outbreaks. Therefore, a sensitive diagnostic method for seed testing should be developed.
Methods and Results: Using a triple antibody sandwich ELISA with a high‐specific monoclonal antibody, a quick and reliable detection method for contamination of seed lots with the pathogen was developed. This method allowed to detect contaminated seed lots as well as contamination with A. valerianellae in single seeds. Furthermore, the occurrence and distribution of the pathogen could be shown in symptomatic corn salad leaves and in naturally infested seeds by transmission electron microscopy and immunogold labelling for the first time.
Conclusion: Our results confirm the seed transmission of this corn salad disease. Pathogen load and distribution vary between positively tested seed lots.
Significance and Impact of the study: With this method, not only routine testing of seed material to eliminate contaminated seed lots from production is possible but also the control of sanitation procedures to reduce contamination.
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