Fusion of freely suspended protoplast mixtures (hypocotyl protoplasts of Brassica napus mixed with mesophyll protoplasts of either B. campestris or Nicotiana plumbaginifolia) was induced by a solution containing 10% polyethylene glycol, 10% dimethyl-sulfoxide and 0.1M glycine-NaOH buffer (pH 10.0). The fusion products represented 15 to 17 percent of the surviving cells. More than 50% of the fusion products divided within two days after fusion, indicating that the fusion procedure did not significantly affect the viability of fused cells. The fusion products were not bound to the surface of the fusion vessel, so they could be isolated with a micropipette immediately after fusion.
We present a case of a novel restrictive cerebral venopathy in a child, consisting of a bilateral network of small to medium cortical veins without evidence of arteriovenous shunting, absence of the deep venous system, venous ischemia, elevated intracranial pressure, and intracranial calcifications. The condition is unlike other diseases characterized by networks of small veins, including cerebral proliferative angiopathy, Sturge-Weber syndrome, or developmental venous anomaly. While this case may be the result of an anatomic variation leading to the congenital absence of or early occlusion of the deep venous system, the insidious nature over many years argues against this. The absence of large cortical veins suggests a congenital abnormality of the venous structure. The child’s presentation with a seizure-like event followed by protracted hemiparesis is consistent with venous ischemia. We propose that this is likely to represent a new clinicopathological entity.
This chapter covers the diagnostic evaluation of children and adolescents referred to sleep centers. Diagnosis of sleep disorders in children begins with a structured history. Pediatric sleep questionnaires can be useful. Polysomnography can be frightening for children, and child-friendly polysomnography techniques are discussed. The authors outline how sleep studies are scored in children. The use of actigraphy, nocturnal home oximetry, and multiple sleep latency testing is reviewed. Smartphone apps for monitoring sleep/wake are summarized. The authors believe that more evidence of the validity of smartphone apps is needed before we accept data from them and integrate this information into decision making and the electronic medical records.
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