ffialactosamine is an amino sugar with unique hepatotoxic properties in animals. Although the mechanism of liver injury by galactosamine remains controversial, a role for bacterial endotoxin has been suggested. In the present study, using New Zealand rabbits, we show that the significant increase in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase which followed the injection of 4.25 mmole/kg of llgalactosamine was completely prevented in animals subjected to resection of small bowel and colon. Using an immunoradiometric assay specific for E. coli 026 endotoxin we showed that after instillation of 50 mg of E. coli into the colon, serum levels of this endotoxin were higher in the animals injected with galactosamine than the controls injected with saline. However, the differences in endotoxin concentration between the two groups of animals was statistically significant only at 30 and 60 min. The role of endotoxin in the pathogenesis of galactosamine liver injury is reviewed and discussed. 255 0037-9727/83/020255-05$0 1.50/0

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In order to evaluate alternate techniques of preparing veins for use as homografts, 102 femoral veins were harvested from adult mongrel dogs. The veins were treated in four different ways, then transplanted into recipient animals bypassing their ligated femoral arteries. Group I--24 veins (6 cm each) were harvested and immediately transplanted. Group II--24 veins were stored in 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution at -120 C for 21 days prior to transplantation. Group III--26 veins were stored for 21 days in plasminate solution at -60 C prior to use as allografts. Group IV--28 veins were stored in 0.5% gluteraldehyde solution for 21 days prior to implantation. Animals were randomly sacrificed at 1-month, 2-month, 6-month, and 12-month intervals. Patency of the transplant was determined weekly by ultrasound. Specimens were sent for light and scanning electron microscopy at the time of harvest, prior to implantation, and at sacrifice. Endothelial damage was graded on a scale of 0-16. Veins in Group II had a significantly higher patency rate (68% at 1 year) than Group III (35%) and Group IV (11%) (p less than 0.05). The intimal layer of all patent vessels was replaced by an organized mural thrombus. Partial endothelialization of the luminal surface was most prevalent in Group II. Intimal damage related to storage technique was significant in Group III (p less than 0.01). At sacrifice, severe endothelial damage was present in all groups (p less than 0.01). In conclusion, veins stored in 15% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) solution at -120 C have immunologic and physical characteristics that yield patency rates acceptable for clinical use when autogenous tissue is not available.

This article describes how the study of Middle Eastern book history arose from scholarship on the history of the book, a multifaceted line of inquiry which developed around the early modern European experience of print. I argue that these origins influenced Middle Eastern book history insofar as it took the topic of printing as its main focus. However, an unevenness characterized this focus since European printing became commonplace from the early sixteenth century onwards, whereas printing in the Middle East took off during the nineteenth century. The 400 years that separated these phenomena marked the rise of modern Europe, which print was considered to have helped advance. These years were also interpreted as representing the decline of the Islamicate world until it modernized along a Western model, including its widespread adoption of print. Focusing largely on scholarship written in English, I summarize the effects that such thinking has had in shaping Middle Eastern book history, and then conclude with my sense of the state of current research.

This article examines the political economy of Cairo's emerging Arabic private printing industry during the third quarter of the 19th century. I use the constituent texts of the industry to demonstrate that it developed upon the speculative model of commissioning, whereby individuals paid printers to produce particular works of their choosing. Commissioning indicates that Egyptian private printing grew from local traditions for producing handwritten texts. Nevertheless, print commissioning differed from manuscript commissioning by requiring individuals to assume great financial risk. I explore the nature and implications of this divergence through a treatise published in 1871 by Musa Kastali, a particularly prolific printer who helped to professionalize Cairene printing. Musa's treatise details his legal battle with a famous Azhari commissioner, and is unique for describing a printer's business practices. It demonstrates the importance of situating printings within their socioeconomic contexts in addition to their intellectual ones, a task which cannot be done without an appreciation for the functioning of the printing industry at a local level.