No abstract

Level IV--case series.

This article provides details to consider when preparing to use animals in biomedical research. The stress of transport and receipt of animals into a new environment mandate the need for a period of stabilization and acclimation. This allotment of time often occurs in conjunction with the quarantine period and permits a stress "recovery" period. Discussions in the article include specific effects of the environment on the animal, such as housing and environmental enrichment. Suggestions are offered regarding how to minimize the effects of procedures and equipment through the use of preconditioning techniques. Guidelines for these techniques and for acclimation should be instituted by the institutional animal care and use committee. Stress and distress are placed in perspective as they relate to the preparation of laboratory animals for research.

No abstract

No abstract

The first‐year experience movement opens a window of opportunity for student affairs professionals to extend their educational endeavors into the classroom, thus allowing entrance into segments of campus once reserved exclusively for faculty.

In this investigation, surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings were used to make qualitative and quantitative analyses of labial muscle activity during three swallowing tasks, incorporating the use of various drinking implements. EMG was recorded from four quadrants of the perioral region and from the submental muscle complex in 11 normal adult females. Swallowing tasks included liquid extraction from a spoon, a straw, and a cup and posterior bolus propulsion of a 5 ml, thin liquid. Average EMG values obtained during a maximal lip compression task were used to normalize labial muscle responses for each subject thus allowing between-subject comparisons. Variable activity patterns were noted in the perioral muscles once the lips were contacted by a drinking implement. Subjects used a greater percentage of maximal labial muscle activity to remove liquid from an implement than to swallow the liquid. A greater level of EMG was recorded in the lips during straw usage as compared with spoon or cup usage. Significant intrasubject and intersubject variability in labial function occurred during liquid removal using a drinking implement and during the oral swallow in these normal subjects.

No abstract