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BackgroundIbrexafungerp (SCY-078) is the newest oral and intravenous antifungal drug with broad activity, currently undergoing clinical trials for invasive candidiasis.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the in vitro activity of ibrexafungerp and comparators against a collection of 434 European blood isolates of Candida.MethodsIbrexafungerp, caspofungin, fluconazole, and micafungin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were collected from 12 European laboratories for 434 blood isolates, including 163 Candida albicans, 108 Candida parapsilosis, 60 Candida glabrata, 40 Candida tropicalis, 29 Candida krusei, 20 Candida orthopsilosis, 6 Candida guilliermondii, 2 Candida famata, 2 Candida lusitaniae, and 1 isolate each of Candida bracarensis, Candida catenulata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida kefyr. MICs were determined by the EUCAST broth microdilution method, and isolates were classified according to recommended clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoffs. Additionally, 22 Candida auris from different clinical specimens were evaluated.ResultsIbrexafungerp MICs ranged from 0.016 to ≥8 mg/L. The lowest ibrexafungerp MICs were observed for C. albicans (geometric MIC 0.062 mg/L, MIC range 0.016–0.5 mg/L) and the highest ibrexafungerp MICs were observed for C. tropicalis (geometric MIC 0.517 mg/L, MIC range 0.06–≥8 mg/L). Modal MICs/MIC50s (mg/L) against Candida spp. were 0.125/0.06 for C. albicans, 0.5/0.5 for C. parapsilosis, 0.25/0.25 for C. glabrata, 0.5/0.5 for C. tropicalis, 1/1 for C. krusei, 4/2 for C. orthopsilosis, and 0.5/0.5 for C. auris. Ibrexafungerp showed activity against fluconazole- and echinocandin-resistant isolates. If adopting wild-type upper limits, a non-wild-type phenotype for ibrexafungerp was only observed for 16/434 (3.7%) isolates: 11 (4.6%) C. parapsilosis, 4 (5%) C. glabrata, and 1 (2.5%) C. tropicalis.ConclusionIbrexafungerp showed a potent in vitro activity against Candida.

Listeria monocytogenes is a well-known pathogen responsible for the severe foodborne disease listeriosis. The control of L. monocytogenes occurrence in seafood products and seafood processing environments is an important challenge for the seafood industry and the public health sector. However, bacteriophage biocontrol shows great potential to be used as safety control measure in seafood. This review provides an update on Listeria-specific bacteriophages, focusing on their application as a safe and natural strategy to prevent L. monocytogenes contamination and growth in seafood products and seafood processing environments. Furthermore, the main properties required from bacteriophages intended to be used as biocontrol tools are summarized and emerging strategies to overcome the current limitations are considered. Also, major aspects relevant for bacteriophage production at industrial scale, their access to the market, as well as the current regulatory status of bacteriophage-based solutions for Listeria biocontrol are discussed.

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