The occupational stress of chronic working conditions in police organizations has been examined in the past, but the effects of acute stressful events are much more difficult to study systematically. Experienced police officers' memories for elements of a simulated stressful crime scene involving an on‐duty shooting incident were examined. Officers were exposed to one of three situations varying in stress. In a 3 × 2 factorial design, some officers reviewed their memories by answering questions immediately after the shooting, while others did not. Twelve weeks later, officers' long‐term memories were better for all elements of the crime scene if they had rehearsed. Under some conditions, officers tended to remember the most important elements better (i.e. the number of armed people present) and the least important elements worse (i.e. irrelevant objects). In addition, their confidence in their memories had little or no relationship to their memories' accuracy and there was a threat focus in which objects physically closest to the points of threat were remembered better. There are strong implications for two elements of job performance: writing police reports and testifying in court.
Two studies examined supervisors' satisfaction with subordinates, and its predictors and importance to supervisors. Study 1 found entity relationships in the form of similarity between supervisors' and subordinates' values were uniquely related to satisfaction with subordinates. Liking of subordinates (from LMX theory) appears to link leadership and job-satisfaction domains. In Study 2, entity relationships, functional relationships, and job performance of subordinates were related to supervisors' satisfaction with subordinates. Functional relationships were the strongest and job performance the next strongest predictors. Performance was related moderately to similarity of supervisors' and subordinates' values and functional relationships. Satisfaction with subordinates was not related to supervisors' global satisfaction and turnover intention in either study, suggesting that subordinates may not be very important to supervisors.
Although only 4.5% to 16% of ovarian cysts in children are malignant, oophorectomy is common in such patients. Conservative expectant management and ovarian sparing surgery would avoid bilateral oophorectomies in children with ovarian cysts at low risk of malignancy. Pediatric or general surgeons who have limited expertise with pediatric gynecology often manage these children because of limited availability of pediatric and adolescent gynecologists with the special skills needed.The objective of this retrospective case-note study was to investigate the nature and surgical management of ovarian cysts in children at a large children's hospital to determine whether current management practices could be improved. Between 1991 and 2007, 155 cases identified through use of clinical coding of surgical cases and pathology databases were analyzed by use of Snap 9.Sixty-two ovarian cysts were found in children under 9 years of age who were prepubertal. There were 58 neoplastic cysts, but 36 (62%) were benign teratomas. Ten of the cysts were malignant. Preoperative diagnostic investigation was preformed in a minority of the patients: Of the 155 children, only 16 (10%) were investigated for tumor markers; 61 (39%) had an ultrasound scan; and 16 (10%) had a computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan. An oophorectomy was performed in 90 (58%) of the children and an ovarian cystectomy was performed in 40 (26%). The ovary was removed in all cases with malignant cysts, and in 75 cases with benign or normal pathology (including 5 benign epithelial, 9 functional and 4 paraovarian cysts; 5 cases with normal ovarian tissue; 30 oophorectomies for benign teratomas, 21 for torsion and 1 for hemorrhage). Referral to a pediatric gynecologist occurred for only 24 (15.5%) of the patients following surgery for an ovarian cyst. This number excluded the 10 girls who were still in pain. None of the referrals were before surgery.These findings show that a large number of young girls with benign cysts who are at low risk of malignancy have cystectomy or oophorectomy when a conservative expectant management approach or ovarian-sparing surgery could have been justified. To prevent this practice, the investigators recommend greater use of preoperative diagnostic investigations including tumor markers and imaging, and the training of more gynecologists with the special skills in pediatric and adolescent gynecology needed to manage these patients.
EDITORIAL COMMENT(In this retrospective analysis of ovarian cysts in children and adolescents from England, a surprisingly large number of patients were man-aged by oophorectomy and open laparotomy. Cases in this review (and certainly in most reports) were identified by searching the pathol-
GYNECOLOGY
Volume 65, Number 3 OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL SURVEY
ABSTRACTBecause hysterectomy, the standard treatment option for women of reproductive age with menorrhagia, is associated with serious complications and requires a relatively long-recovery period, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine sys...
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