This paper makes a call for an urban political ecology (UPE) which engages more extensively with Earth's geological formations. As a material at the centre of global urbanisation process, sand is offered as a geological entry point. The paper presents an analysis of the urbanisation of sand, or the ways in which sand is brought into the urban realm, grounding this reading in Accra-a growing city on Ghana's Atlantic coast. Drawing from 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork, the paper charts the socio-natural politics through which sand is first unearthed from the edges of the city-an extractive processes otherwise known as "sand winning" in Ghana. By examining the forms of power which govern uneven revenue flows to communities, the displacement of farming groups, the widespread loss of farmland and a contested regime of governance, the analysis exposes the socio-natural politics through which the city's geological baseline is first unearthed.
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This paper discusses the occupation of an electricity transmission line right-of-way (ROW) at a busy interchange to the western edge of Accra, Ghana. In planning documents, ROWs are depicted as open spaces and obtaining permits to develop the land is prohibited. However, across the city, people continue to live and work under the wire, describing their occupancy as one of ongoing temporariness. Drawing from fourteen months of ethnographic research in Accra, I unpack the production of this urban temporality and argue that this ongoing temporariness is not linear, but should rather be understood as a condition punctured by events which both threaten and re-establish temporary occupation. I contend that it is only by attending closely to a splintered temporality, that we may grapple with the ways in which ongoing temporariness takes hold in cities marked by uneven access to land, income and capital.Under the wire A s we sat in the shadows of the electricity transmission wires that draped across Awoshie Junction-a busy interchange to the western edge of Accra-Bright told me that he and the others shouldn't really be working here. As a taxi stopped on the side of the road, he paused and attended
Background The linear theories of change which ground many interventions do not account for the complex processes and systems in which they are implemented. This reductionist approach prioritises statistical methods which do not accommodate the stochastic, non-linear, dynamic interactions between humans and their environment. The inclusion of practitioners in the process of evidence development and utilisation of complex systems methods mitigates these issues and results in locally relevant, timely evidence for decision-making. Methods The aim of this work was to develop localised evidence for decision-making for schistosomiasis control in Uganda, Malawi, and Tanzania. Workshops were conducted with practitioners from the Ministries of Health at various levels and partner organisations to identify evidence needs for their decision-making processes and perceptions of disease transmission and control activities. Participatory systems mapping was used to identify factors directly and indirectly related to transmission. The maps were synthesised to a master complex systems map, which served as the blueprint for a generalised spatial agent-based model and specific ABMs tailored to the evidence needs of decision-makers. Results There was a gap in available evidence for practitioners to advocate for resources within the MoH and government budgets, as well as intervention efficacy and resource allocation. The adaptable and data-inclusive characteristics of the AMBs made them well-suited to produce localised outputs. Converted to NetLogo with a tailored user interface, these models were appropriate and responsive to the needs of decision-makers from village to national levels and across country contexts. Conclusions Used together, participatory and agent-based modelling resulted in the development of responsive and relevant evidence for practitioner decision-making. This process is generalisable and transferable to other diseases and locations outside of those in this study. Key messages The use of participatory systems mapping to develop agent-based models resulted in relevant and timely evidence for practitioner decision-making. The approach used here is transferable and generalisable outside schistosomiasis control and the contexts in this study.
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