Background There are an estimated 80,100 female sex workers (FSWs) in Ukraine, of whom 7% are living with HIV. Early HIV diagnosis continues to be a public health priority in Ukraine as only approximately 54% of people living with HIV are diagnosed nationwide. This study aims to analyse the content, context and discourse of HIV testing policies among female sex workers in Ukraine and how these policies are understood and implemented in practice. Methods To analyse past and current national policies, we searched the database of the Ukrainian Parliament and the Ministry of Health for relevant policy documents (e.g. legislation and orders). To analyse the day-to-day practice of those involved in the implementation of these HIV programmes, we conducted face-to-face semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. All data were coded using deductive thematic analysis initially guided by the Policy Triangle, a framework which addresses policy content, the process of policy-making, the health policy context, actors involved in policy formulation and implementation. Results HIV testing policies are formed and implemented in the post-Soviet context through a vertical system of AIDS clinics, resulting in the separation of key affected populations from the rest of the health system. Successive testing policies have been strongly influenced by international donors and non-governmental organisations. Furthermore, a lack of government funding for HIV prevention created a gap that international donors and local non-governmental organisations covered to ensure the implementation of testing policies. Their role, however, had limited influence on the Ukrainian government to increase funding for prevention, including testing of FSWs. Since the early 1990s, when stigmatising and discriminatory forced/mandatory HIV testing was applied, these approaches were slowly replaced with voluntary testing, self-testing and assisted HIV testing, yet stigma was found to be a barrier among FSWs to access testing. Conclusion Poor governance and the fragmentation of the health system, ongoing health sector reforms, shrinking international funding, and persisting stigma towards people living with HIV and sex workers might impede the continuity and sustainability of HIV testing programmes. Local civil society may now have the opportunity to contribute to the development and further implementation of HIV testing policies in Ukraine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12961-019-0415-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Introduction. It was carried out the research for determining the optimal drying conditions of soybean and vegetable mixtures that provide the least drying time and maximally preserve the biologically active substances of the dried material.Materials and methods. It was researched the colloidal capillary-porous materials on the basis of soy, carrots, spinach and soy-carrot, soy-spinach mixture. For the study of the drying process it was used an experimental stand with automatic temperature controllers was used which is a system of isolated pipelines with devices for heat treatment and circulation of coolant, drying chambers, measuring circuits and instruments for controlling the process parameters and measuring the values characterizing the process of drying.Results and discussion. Researched the kinetics of the soybean-carrot mixture drying process at a temperature of the coolant temperature of 70 ºC, 100 ºC, with a constant drying rate v=2.5 m/s, as well as mode steps of 100/70 ºC with constant drying rate v=2.5 m/s. The process of drying the binary mixture takes place in the second period. With the deepening of the evaporation zone inside the material, the temperature of its surface increases, and the rate of moisture content decreases. It has been established that drying with a temperature of the coolant temperature of 100 ºC results in an inadmissible melaidine reaction, while the 100/70 ºC step mode prevents such reactions due to the fact that the material does not warm up above 70 degrees throughout the drying period.Researched the kinetics of the soybean-spinach mixture drying process at a temperature of 60 ºC, as well as mode steps of 100/60 ºC, a constant drying rate v=2.5 m/s. In the chemical composition of spinach contains folic acid, which is destroyed during the heat treatment of products at a temperature of 100 ºC for 20 minutes. When drying the mixture with a 100/60 ºC degree of temperature, the material under investigation at a temperature of the heat carrier is 100 ºC for 4 minutes, and then the temperature of the coolant is reduced, after 20 minutes of drying the temperature of the coolant 80 ºC, this prevents significant losses of folic acid, after 40 minutes of drying, the temperature of the coolant is 60 ºC, during the whole process of drying the surface temperature and in the thickness did not exceed 60 ºС.Conclusions. The drying time of the material in the mode of the heat carrier 100/60 ºС and 100/70 ºС is less in comparison with the duration of the process at 60 and 70 ºС, which reduces energy expenses by 30-40% for the drying process.
The monograph is devoted to solving the problem of energy-saving and development of resource-saving heat technology for processing soybeans and their mixtures with carotene-containing raw materials on functional phytoestrogenic food powders. The paper considers modern research and methods of processing phytoestrogenic raw materials. The study of heat and mass transfer processes during convective drying and the study of thermophysical and physicochemical properties of phytoestrogenic raw materials and its proteincarotene mixtures are presented. Innovative heat technology for the production of phytoestrogenic powders based on soybeans, recommended for use in the pharmaceutical, dairy and food industries, has been developed. The monograph is intended for employees of the food industry, students of higher educational institutions, masters and graduate students of engineering and technical specialties.
The process of drying is an energy-consuming process, therefore, in order to optimize these energy costs during drying and to choose the rational structural and regime parameters of the equipment intended for this process, it is necessary to carry out a calculation analysis of heat and mass transfer on the basis of adequate mathematical models. The study of various mechanisms of diffusion in capillary - porous materials has become the basis for the creation of a mathematical model of heat - mass transfer and for the formulation of a corresponding system of nonlinear differential equations. Using mathematical model of heat-mass transfer A.V. Lykova constructed an appropriate numerical algorithm for modeling this process, numerical studies of the convection drying process of colloidal capillary - porous materials (KKPM) have been performed. The boundary conditions on the contact surface of the material in the drying chamber with the heat carrier flow are formulated. Based on the numerical solution of the system of one-dimensional heat and mass transfer equations in the material, depending on the time of its specific moisture content and temperature, as well as other characteristics of the convection drying process, the dependence was obtained. The estimated results are compared with the results of experimental studies. From the results of the comparison, it follows that the calculated model on the basis of the proposed system of equations satisfactorily describes the process of mass transfer in colloidal capillary - porous materials and can be used to approximate the characteristics of the drying process of colloidal capillary - porous materials, in particular the time required for drying the material. Numerical modeling of heat and mass transfer processes in colloid capillary and porous materials helps to solve an important scientific and technical problem, which is connected with the creation of software and hardware complexes, automated systems of scientific researches of energy-saving heat-technological processes of drying of materials with the provision of necessary quality indicators. Having analyzed the literature data concerning the existing developed mathematical modeling of colloidal capillary-porous materials, it has been established that this direction has a limited amount of information and therefore requires in-depth study and is an actual direction of research.
The general trend of energy consumption, which leads to an increase in the amount of energy consumed in the world, has shown that its cost is constantly increasing, and the shortage of energy carriers is increasing. So, the problem of creating and large-scale implementation of modern energy-efficient heat-technologies, which ensure the reduction of energy consumption and the maximum preservation of the high quality of the dehydrated product, is relevant today. In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, this work has developed an innovative pre-treatment of combined plant materials. A study of pH results for different ratios of red beetroot with rhubarb/tomato is presented. We managed to obtain the most optimal content of components in the red beetroot:rhubarb mixture as 2:1, with a pH value of 3.75, and betanin in the studied material after drying remains at the level of 96.5% for red beetroot:tomato - 3:1, in which pH is 3.9, and betanin is 94.7%. Also, with the preservation of earnings and increasing the functionality of the phytoestrogen properties of plant raw materials, the conditions for the stabilization of plant ingredients have been developed. Mixtures of plant materials with different ratios of initial components of plant origin were created and optimal drying modes were developed. The kinetics of the drying process of combined plant materials with their preliminary preparation was experimentally investigated. On the basis of the obtained data on the change in the nature of the Rebinder number depending on the humidity, the combined plant material and the temperature of the heat carrier, staged drying regimes were developed. The theoretical processing of the obtained experimental data on the red beetroot:tomato mixture was performed according to the method of V.A. Danilov. The generalized drying kinetics curves of the red beetroot:tomato mixture coincide with the fast drying regimes. The duration of the drying process of the soybean:spinach mixture on the experimental convective stand was calculated according to the method of V.V. Krasnikov. The generalized curve of the drying kinetics of the soybean:spinach mixture made it possible to apply the relative drying coefficients. And it became possible to calculate the total drying time of the soybean:spinach mixture. The deviation of the calculated value from the experimental duration of drying does not exceed 5%.
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