Introducción. El presente estudio presenta la descripción de dos lenguas tipológicamente diferentes en origen (eslavo y latín), alfabeto (cirílico y romano) y estructura. Una de las similitudes entre las dos lenguas es que la transparencia entre la correspondencia grafemafonema es muy consistente en ambas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue presentar una comparación del aprendizaje de la lectura en las dos lenguas. Concretamente, el estudio comparó la importancia de varios predictores en el desarrollo de la lectura en niños aprendiendo a leer en dos ortografías consistentes (Búlgaro y Español).Método. Un total de 157 niños, hablantes nativos del búlgaro (n=80) y español (n=77), participaron en el estudio, procedentes de tres escuelas públicas (una en Sofía y dos en Madrid) localizadas en áreas de clase social media. Los análisis de correlación y regresión realizados muestran que los datos de los niños Búlgaros y Españoles en eficiencia y velocidad lectora fueron explicados por las mismas variables.Resultados. Los análisis realizados mostraron que la velocidad de nombrar letras (VN-L) juega un rol importante en la predicción de la fluidez y eficiencia lectora en ambas lenguas. Además, el vocabulario es la variable que mejor explica la comprensión lectora, igualmente importante para los aprendices en ambas ortografías. Los resultados mostraron que cuando se evalúan predictores de la lectura equivalentes, los componentes básicos de la fluidez y de habilidades superiores de la lectura (comprensión lectora) son muy similares en las dos ortografías consistentes estudiadas.Discusión y conclusiones. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas que subrayan la importancia de la evaluación e intervención en la VN y el vocabulario en los primeros cursos de primaria.
This study aims to establish correlations between the use of digital devices for literacy activities and the demographic and socio-cultural characteristics of parents, children and the family during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria. Thе study includes parents of 172 children aged 2 to 8 who completed online questionnaires related to home learning activities and the use of digital devices by families and children. The findings show that parents have a positive attitude towards engaging in literacy and reading activities through digital devices with their children, but do not support the excessive use of digital devices by children. We found that older children, girls, and children who use digital devices to communicate with family members and friends are more likely to engage in literacy activities through digital devices. Our findings corroborate other recent studies in underscoring the importance of partnership between children and their parents for children's development in today's environment.
Background and aims Developmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Developmental Dyslexia (DD) are reported to have more visual problems, oral language difficulties, and diminished reading skills in addition to their different diagnostic features. Moreover, these conditions also have increased internal noise and probably an impaired ability of external noise filtering. The aim of the present study was to compare the reading performance of these groups in the presence of external visual noise which disrupts the automatic reading processes through the degradation of letters. Methods Sixty-four children and adolescents in four groups, ASD, ADHD, DD, and TD, participated in the study. Two types of stimuli were used – unrelated words and pseudowords. The noise was generated by exchanging a fixed number of pixels between the black symbols and the white background distorting the letters. The task of the participants was to read aloud the words or pseudowords. The reading time for a single letter string, word or pseudoword, was calculated, and the proportion of errors was assessed in order to describe the reading performance. Results The results obtained showed that the reading of unrelated words and pseudowords differs in the separate groups of participants and is affected differently by the added visual noise. In the no-noise condition, the group with TD had the shortest time for reading words and short pseudowords, followed by the group with ASD, while their reading of long pseudowords was slightly slower than that of the ASD group. The noise increase evoked variations in the reading of groups with ASD and ADHD, which differed from the no-noise condition and the control group with TD. The lowest proportion of errors was observed in readers with TD. The reading performance of the DD group was the worst at all noise levels, with the most prolonged reading time and the highest proportion of errors. At the highest noise level, the participants from all groups read the words and pseudowords with similar reading speed and accuracy. Conclusions In reading words and pseudowords, the ASD, ADHD, and DD groups show difficulties specific for each disorder revealed in a prolonged reading time and a higher proportion of errors. The dissimilarity in reading abilities of the groups with different development is most evident when the accuracy and reading speed are linked together. Implications The use of noise that degrades the letter structure in the present study allowed us to separate the groups with ASD, ADHD, and DD and disclose specifics in the reading process of each disorder. Error type analysis may provide a basis to improve the educational strategies by appropriately structuring the learning process of children with TD, ASD, ADHD, and DD.
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