26Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) sites are sparse, and Koziarnia Cave in Poland is one of 27 only few such sites situated at the eastern fringe of LRJ. The aim of the recent study was to obtain new 28 chronostratigraphic data for the LRJ industries due to their extreme scarcity in Central Europe. Although 29 the new fieldworks did not bring new fossil directeur such as bifacial leafpoints, a detail debitage 30 analysis enabled identifying a presence of the ventral thinning chips in layer D, which could be identified 31as the LRJ assemblage-containing stratum. Besides the LRJ assemblage, strata with traces of Late 32Middle Palaeolithic and Early Gravettian occupation were found at the site. The radiocarbon dates of 33 Koziarnia samples show that the archaeological settlement represent one of the oldest Gravettian stays 34 north to Carpathians. What is more, these dates demonstrate that the cave had been alternately occupied 35 by humans and cave bears. Additionally the radiocarbon dates indicate rather young chronology of the 36 Jerzmanowician occupation in Koziarnia Cave (c.a. 39-36 ky cal. BP). The results confirm the 37 possibility of long chronology of the LRJ technocomplex, exceeding the Campanian Ignimbrite event. 38 Keywords: 39 Cave site, Middle/Upper Palaeolithic transition, leafpoint industries, Lincombian-Ranisian-40 Jerzmanowician, early Gravettian, 41 42 7713, which he claimed did not contain any stone artefacts, was black in colour due to the high amount of 78 charcoal [27]. Chmielewski called it a "cultural layer", and by comparing it to layers 4 and 6 in 79Nietoperzowa Cave, he initially suggested that it was a Jerzmanowician horizon [20]. No radiometric 80dates were obtained at that time to confirm the hypothesis. 81Even though the determination of the Jerzmanowician culture was based mostly on the Nietoperzowa 82Cave assemblage, the Koziarnia and Mamutowa caves were also included. A single radiocarbon date 83(38 160 ± 1250 BP, Gro-2181) obtained for a wood charcoal from layer 6 in Nietoperzowa Cave was 84presented by Chmielewski in 1961 [20], and since then it has been treated as the major chronological 85 framework of the whole technocomplex. It was later proposed that all the assemblages containing 86bifacially-worked blade leafpoints from the European Plains can be merged into one category -87Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ), a term widely used till today [28]. 88The chronology of Jerzmanowician has been restudied several times since then [14, 29, 30, 32]. The 89analyses were in most cases conducted on the animal fossil collection. The most recent results of 90 multiple radiocarbon dating obtained on the basis of cave bear remains from Nietoperzowa Cave [33] 91 showed the limitation of the possible use of the old collection. The radiocarbon range of each stratum 92 shows all the chronological spectra observed in the cave, which might indicate problems resulting from 93 the exploration, documentation or mixing of the collection. Only a new detailed fieldwork would help 94to re...
Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) sites are sparse, and Koziarnia Cave in Poland is one of only few such sites situated at the eastern fringe of LRJ. The aim of the recent study was to obtain new chronostratigraphic data for the LRJ industries due to their extreme scarcity in Central Europe. Although the new fieldworks did not bring new fossil directeur such as bifacial leafpoints, a detail debitage analysis enabled identifying a presence of the ventral thinning chips in layer D, which could be identified as the LRJ assemblage-containing stratum. Besides the LRJ assemblage, strata with traces of Late Middle Palaeolithic and Early Gravettian occupation were found at the site. The radiocarbon dates of Koziarnia samples show that the archaeological settlement represent one of the oldest Gravettian stays north to Carpathians. What is more, these dates demonstrate that the cave had been alternately occupied by humans and cave bears. Additionally the radiocarbon dates indicate rather young chronology of the Jerzmanowician occupation in Koziarnia Cave (c.a. 39-36 ky cal. BP). The results confirm the possibility of long chronology of the LRJ technocomplex, exceeding the Campanian Ignimbrite event.
This paper attempts to show that manufacture of Micoquian bifacial backed tools was structured. Data for this study were collected using a comprehensive analysis of artefacts from the site Pietraszyn 49a, Poland, which is dated to the beginning of Marine Isotope Stage 3. Based on the whole data set, it was possible to distinguish four stages of the manufacturing process. During manufacturing, both mineral hammer and organic hammer were used. The tools were usually shaped due to distinct hierarchization of faces. The study has also shown that the shape of bifacial tools from Pietraszyn 49a is very similar to the other Micoquian examples from central Europe. The ways of shaping of some tools are finding their counterparts also in the Early Upper Palaeolithic inventories, but the similarities are rather limited to the narrow range of preparation of bifacial form.
This paper presents the results of analyses of materials recovered during 2004 rescue excavations of a Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB) dwelling pit at Mierzyn, site 4. It provides a detailed and multifaceted analysis of the archaeological record and attempts to assess the significance of the find for the studies on the Middle Neolithic in the Lower Oder region. The article contains a detailed description of selected archival finds from the area occupied by the site and discusses their previous interpretations.
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