Studies concerning bat autumn swarming behavior suggest that the main purpose of this phenomenon is mating. However, the process of fat accumulation is crucial for surviving winter, and it seems to be in clear conflict with a need to strive for the opportunity to mate prior to hibernation. Investment in one activity limits the other one creating a trade-off between them. The aim of our study was to describe the activity pattern of each sex-age group (adult males, adult females, subadults) of the Natterer's bat during swarming period and to investigate the fat accumulation process of adult males in the context of their reproductive strategy. Bats were captured by mist nets at the swarming site fortnightly from the early August until the late November. The age, sex, reproductive status, and body condition index (mass to forearm ratio, BCI) were recorded. The activity peak of both sexes, adults, and subadults was observed in the late September. That time in season, BCI of adult males was the lowest, and there was no correlation between the hour of an adult male capture and its BCI value within one night (r s = 0.23; p = 0.157). Such correlation was observed later in the season (early October: r s = 0.44; p = 0.020; late October: r s = 0.48; p = 0.002). A negative correlation between adult males' BCI and proportion of adult females was found (r = 0.44; p = 0.000). We conclude that the activity peak of females is likely to be responsible for the effort of the mating behavior of the males, which is reflected by their low condition index. We suggest that the gleaning foraging strategy of Natterer's bat allows the males to postpone their fat accumulation until just before hibernation.
A synthesis of a series of mono-T8 and difunctionalized double-decker silsesquioxanes bearing substituted triazole ring(s) has been reported within this work. The catalytic protocol for their formation is based on the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) process. Diverse alkynes were in the scope of our interest—i.e., aryl, hetaryl, alkyl, silyl, or germyl—and the latter was shown to be the first example of terminal germane alkyne which is reactive in the applied process’ conditions. From the pallet of 15 compounds, three of them with pyridine-triazole and thiophenyl-triazole moiety attached to T8 or DDSQ core were verified in terms of their coordinating properties towards selected transition metals, i.e., Pd(II), Pt(II), and Rh(I). The studies resulted in the formation of four SQs based coordination compounds that were obtained in high yields up to 93% and their thorough spectroscopic characterization is presented. To our knowledge, this is the first example of the DDSQ-based molecular complex possessing bidentate pyridine-triazole ligand binding two Pd(II) ions.
Artykuł poświęcony jest budowie modelu łopatki turbiny wysokiego ciśnienia lotniczego silnika turbinowego. Przedstawiono ideę procesu projektowania łopatki turbiny i w tym obszarze parametrów własnych turbiny, które zawarto w analizie charakterystyk turbin. Przedstawiono charakterystyki dotyczące zmian głównych parametrów własnych turbiny, tzn. masowego natężenia przepływu, pracy jednostkowej, sprawności, obciążenia czy rozprężu turbiny od parametrów eksploatacyjnych. Przeanalizowano proces tworzenia modelu łopatki w oparciu o inżynierię odwrotną i parametryzację modelu dla potrzeb poniższej pracy. Algorytm tworzenia modelu parametrycznego został zbudowany w języku GRIP dla systemu Siemens NX. Zawarto najważniejsze zalety modelu parametrycznego wraz z matematycznym równoważnikiem wyboru wariantu procesu modelowania obiektu wirtualnego. Przedstawiono efekt budowy modelu w postaci wydruku łopatki w 3D. Uzyskany model będzie podstawą dalszych badań w zakresie charakterystykach aerodynamicznych dotyczącym pojedynczej łopatki, jak również palisady.
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