The aim of the study was to compare the physico-chemical parameters of milt from sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Milt was collected by stripping and spermatozoa concentrations, were determined and compared with sperm motility and spermatocrit values along with seminal plasma indices (pH, osmolality, sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, glucose and protein concentrations). The highest spermatozoa concentration of 22.3 ± 6.7 · 10 9 ml )1 was found in the sea trout milt, and was significantly different of those observed in brook trout (11.9 ± 3.3 · 10 9 ml )1 ) and rainbow trout (10.7 ± 4.4 · 10 9 ml )1 ). The values for pH and K + did not differ significantly among species. The mean pH was 8.0 in the milt of each species and the K + concentrations ranged from 24.8 ± 7.2 to 30.5 ± 7.6 mM M L )1 . Considerable differences were determined for the Ca 2+ ions concentrations. The highest value was found in sea trout (1.7 ± 0.3 mM M L )1 ), while in the rainbow trout it was 0.7 ± 0.5 and in the brook trout 0.4 ± 0.1 mM M L )1 . The most pronounced differences were found in the glucose concentration cause of its unnaturally low concentration in rainbow trout of the mean value of 6.0 ± 15.2 mg L )1 . The mean value in sea trout and brook trout was 185.0 ± 172.4 and 231.2 ± 148.4 mg L )1 respectively. For all species, protein mean values were below 1.3 g L )1 . The mean osmolality was between 230.6 ± 98.6 and 272.0 ± 26.4 mOsm kg )1 in the species studied. No correlation was found between any components determined in milt and the spermatozoa motility (P > 0.05). The sperm concentration was positively correlated with the protein content in the milt of the three species studied, other less exhibited correlation was found.
Highly differentiated mature spermatozoa carry not only genetic but also epigenetic information that is to be transmitted to the embryo. DNA methylation is one epigenetic actor associated with sperm nucleus compaction, gene silencing, and prepatterning of embryonic gene expression. Therefore, the stability of this mark toward reproductive biotechnologies is a major issue in animal production. The present work explored the impact of hormonal induction of spermiation and sperm cryopreservation in two cyprinids, the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio), using LUminometric Methylation Assay (LUMA). We showed that while
The aim of the study was to determine the sperm motility parameters in wild Atlantic salmon and sea trout to define criteria important for selection of milt for controlled fertilisation. Parameters for these species were determined in the fish migrating into north-western rivers of Poland at spawning time. Eight motility parameters percentage of motile sperm (MOT), curvilinear velocity (VCL), average path velocity (VAP), straight line velocity (VSL), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), beat cross frequency (BCF) and motility duration were subjected to computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Milt of most individuals studied representing both salmon and trout showed spermatozoa density of 12-22 · 10 9 ml )1 and a high percentage of motile sperm (>70%). In general, spermatozoa swim progressively with slightly curved trajectories (mean STR = 70%, LIN = 65%) and velocity VCL of 180 lm s )1 (salmon) and 190 lm s )1 (trout), at 10 s post-activation. Such sperm is easily accessible in the wild populations of salmon and sea trout and is recommended for use in reproduction trials. The spermatozoa of sea trout seem to show a greater tendency to follow curvilinear trajectories than those of salmon, both in the beginning and the final phase of motion. In the first phase of motility, the values and time dependencies of the motility parameters were similar in both species. In the end phase of movement differences in LIN and BCF time dependencies were found in the samples representing the two species. In salmon the linearity and beat cross frequency remained stable in this phase, contrary to the patterns in sea trout for which LIN decreased while BCF increased in the end period of movement. Durations of movement were similar in both species (ranges of 20-40 s).
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