Organic ferroelectrics are increasingly important due to their complementary properties to classical, inorganic ferroelectrics. Flexibility, chemical resistance, scalability, high breakdown fields, and biocompatibility are attractive for many applications like energy harvesting and storage. The most known energy harvesting methods are piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and triboelectric. Here, we apply the well-established material's figures of merit to five polyvinylidenefluoride-based compositions ranging from ferroelectric to relaxor-like behavior to emphasize the importance of several key material parameters contributing to the maximal power output of energy harvesting devices. Afterward, we discuss the possibility of the same functional material storing the output energy for the development of scalable multifunctional devices.
Chemical solution deposition (CSD) of BaTiO3 (BT) or BT-based thin films relies on using a carboxylic acid and alcohol as the solvents for alkaline-earth carboxylate and transition-metal alkoxide, respectively; however, the esterification reaction of the solvents may lead to in-situ water formation and precipitation. To avoid such an uncontrolled reaction, we developed a route in which ethylene glycol (EG) is used as the solvent for Ba-acetate. The EG-based BT coating solutions are stable for at least a few months. The thermal decomposition of the BT xerogel obtained by drying the EG-based solutions depends on the choice of the solvent for the Ti-alkoxide as well: in the case of EG and 2-methoxyethanol solvents carbon residues are removed at only about 1100 °C, while in the case of ethanol it is concluded at about 700 °C. About 100 nm thick BT films derived from the EG-ethanol solution deposited on platinized silicon reveal dense, crack-free columnar microstructure. They exhibit local ferro- and piezoelectric properties. The macroscopic polarization-electric field loops were obtained up to a quite high electric field of about 2.4 MV/cm. The EG-ethanol based CSD route is a viable alternative to the established acetic acid–alcohol route for BT and BT-based films.
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