BackgroundMixed dentition space analysis methods using regression equations, namely, Moyers’ analysis and Tanaka-Johnston analysis are commonly used around the world. However, the applicability of these analyses among different racial groups have been questioned. The primary objective of this study was to assess the applicability of the Moyers’ and Tanaka-Johnston analyses among Nepalese Mongoloids and to develop regression equations for the same population if needed.MethodsOne hundred (50 males and 50 females) pre-treatment study models of the Nepalese Mongoloid patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were retrieved from the archives of the department of Orthodontics. The mesiodistal widths of mandibular incisors and widths of canines and premolars of all 4 quadrants were measured by a single investigator using a digital caliper to the nearest 0.01 mm. Predicted widths of canines and premolars were obtained using standard Moyers’ and Tanaka-Johnston analyses and then compared with the measured widths.ResultsThe measured widths of canines and premolars were significantly different from the predicted widths obtained from Moyers’ and Tanaka-Johnston analyses. Strong and positive correlations were found between the sum of mesiodistal widths of mandibular incisors and the sum of mesiodistal widths of canines and premolars in males (0.73 for maxillary arch and 0.68 for mandibular arch) and females (0.64 for maxillary arch and 0.79 for mandibular arch).ConclusionsThe Moyers’ and Tanaka-Johnston analyses did not accurately predict the mesiodistal width of unerupted canines and premolars for Nepalese Mongoloid population. Hence, new regression equations have been developed for this population. However, validation studies should be conducted to confirm the applicability and accuracy of these equations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12903-018-0677-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Background: Various goals of premedication includes anxiolysis, sedation, amnesia, analgesia, attenuation of autonomic reflexes, and reduction of anaesthetic dose requirement. Preanaesthetic oral clonidine has been shown to produce anxiolysis, sedation and attenuation of hemodynamic stress response to tracheal intubation. Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of oral clonidine on propofol consumption in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo controlled study conducted in ninety consecutive patients randomly divided into three equal groups (placebo, tab. clonidine 150 mcg and tab. clonidine 300 mcg) meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Study drug was given 60 minutes before induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous pethidine 1mg/kg followed by propofol . The dose of propofol for loss of verbal command was recorded. Anaesthesia was maintained with propofol at the rate of 10 mg/kg/h for 10 minutes then to 8 mg/kg/h for 10 minutes and ultimately decreased to 6 mg/kg/h after tracheal intubation. The rate of propofol infusion was adjusted by 2mg/kg/h to obtain adequate depth of anaesthesia (maintaining hemodynamic parameters within 20% of baseline). Results: The propofol induction dose was less in clonidine 150 mcg (1.2±0.2 mg/kg) and clonidine 300 mcg (1.08±0.24 mg/ kg) groups as compared to placebo group ( 1.4±0.3 mg/kg) (p=˂0.001). The rate of propofol infusion in mg/kg/h and in mcg/kg/h was lower in clonidine 150 mcg (6.7±1.6 and 121.3±11.37) and clonidine 300 mcg (7±1.4 and 120.0±9.8) groups as compared to placebo (10±3.2 and 148.0±32.53) group (p =˂ 0.001). Conclusion: oral clonidine premedication reduces propofol requirement for induction and maintenance of anaesthesiain patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
A double lip is an infrequent anomaly that may either be congenital or acquired. It commonly effects the upper lip with more predilection in males. Double lip may require surgical correction for aesthetic or masticatory reasons. Treatment includes excision of the mucosa and submucosal tissue that gives good result. A 19-year-old male presented with bulge under central portion of upper lip with no constriction. Surgical correction was done using an elliptical incision to remove excess mucosal tissues. Satisfactory aesthetic result was obtained with an uneventful healing.
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