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Background: Various local anaesthetic agents are used for brachial plexus block.We compared effectiveness of addition of Dexamethasone versus Neostigmine to Lignocaine, adrenaline admixtures for Brachial plexus block in providing perioperative analgesia. Methods: Ninety patients were randomized in three groups and were received 24ml of study drugs. The groupA [Lignocaine with adrenaline (1.5%)], groupB [Lignocaine with adrenaline (1.5%)] +500μg Neostigmine, and group C (Lignocaine with adrenaline (1.5%) +4mg Dexamethasone) for brachial plexus block through supraclavicular approach. The observed parameters were onset of analgesia, completion of sensory and motor blockade, Duration of analgesia, Surgeon's score, side effects, number of supplemental analgesics doses and Visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain in 12 hour of post-operative period. T he recent emergence of pain management as formal subspecialty and increasing importance of outpatient (Ambulatory) surgery in anaesthetic practice have further bolstered interest in peripheral nerve blocks. The peripheral nerve block may be used for surgical anaesthesia alone or, in conjunction with general anaesthesia and for the acute and chronic pain management. Many studies have been carried out for the search of better quality of analgesics in per-operative as well as in post operative period and it has been found that regional anaesthesia provides better result 1 . Brachial plexus block is an easy and relatively safe procedure for upper limb surgeries though there are different approaches to it, out of which supraclavicular approach is most consistent and widely used method for anaesthesia and peri-operative pain management in surgery below shoulder joint . So the provision of good quality of analgesia during and post -operative period is important not only to ease patients suffering and induce sense of well being but also improve the ability to ambulate early and thereby reducing post operative complication 2 .Various local anaesthetic agents are used for Brachial Plexus Block but most commonly used drugs are; Bupivacaine, and Lignocaine. Bupivacaine is long acting where as Lignocaine is short acting drug. Novel adjuncts studied to date include opioids, Clonidine, Neostigmine, Tramadol, Midazolam, Dexmeditomidine etc.Dexamethasone is very potent and highly selective glucocorticoid. Basically it is used as anti-inÀ ammatory and immunosuppressant. Its potency is about 40 times

Current challenges and promises of white biotechnology encourage protein engineers to use a directed evolution approach to generate novel and useful biocatalysts for various sets of applications. Different methods of enzyme engineering have been used in the past in an attempt to produce enzymes with improved functions and properties. Recent advancement in the field of random mutagenesis, screening, selection and computational design increased the versatility and the rapid development of enzymes under strong selection pressure with directed evolution experiments. Techniques of directed evolution improve enzymes fitness without understanding them in great detail and clearly demonstrate its future role in adapting enzymes for use in industry. Despite significant advances to date regarding biocatalyst improvement, there still remains a need to improve mutagenesis strategies and development of easy screening and selection tools without significant human intervention. This review covers fundamental and major development of directed evolution techniques, and highlights the advances in mutagenesis, screening and selection methods with examples of enzymes developed by using these approaches. Several commonly used methods for creating molecular diversity with their advantages and disadvantages including some recently used strategies are also discussed.

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Classification is a supervised learning approach, which maps a data item into predefined classes. There are various classification algorithms proposed in the literature. In this paper authors have used four classification algorithms such as J48, Random Forest (RF), Reduce Error Pruning (REP) and Logistic Model Tree (LMT) to classify the "WEATHER NOMINAL" open source Data Set. Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) has been used in this paper for the experimental result and they found that Random Forest algorithm classify the given data set better than the other algorithms for this specific data set. In this paper, the performance of classifier algorithms is evaluated for 5 fold cross validation test.

In polistic electricity market structure, each power producers can maximise its profit through bidding strategy. Also, with the advent of renewable generation mostly wind has shaped a new prospect in the bidding process. Although, the wind power output uncertainty, wind power suppliers facing an inevitable uncertainty problem in an emerging power market. To alleviate the adverse impact of this uncertainty on wind power bidding, Weibull distribution is used to model wind power scenarios and the forward‐reduction algorithm is utilised to reduce scenarios. Furthermore, an overestimation and underestimation cost function is modelled to measure the deviation of wind power output. The bidding strategy with the inclusion of wind power is proposed in this study to maximise profit. However, the uncertainty of rival's behaviour affects the bidding process, which minimised by utilising the normal probability distribution function. The proposed problem is tested on the IEEE standard 30‐bus and 57‐bus systems and solved by the gravitational search algorithm (GSA). The results are obtained without and with wind power and shows that the effects of wind power on market clearing price and bidding strategy. Moreover, GSA gives higher market clearing price and net profit as compared with particle swarm optimisation and genetic algorithm.

Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention as one of the best choices among alternative and renewable fuels. Large quantities of crude glycerol are produced as a main co-product with increasing biodiesel production. Currently, the problem of waste glycerol utilization needs to be crucially addressed, not only for environmental protection but also for the economy of the biodiesel industry. In this paper, the use of crude glycerol for the production of D-lactate by engineered Escherichia coli was investigated. Engineered E. coli B0013-070 with a homolactic pathway for D-lactate synthesis by elimination of byproduct pathways (ethanol, succinate, formate and acetate) could convert 20 g L −1 of crude glycerol to 13.6 g L −1 of D-lactate with a yield of 0.67 g g −1 glycerol. Overexpression of D-lactate dehydrogenase by a low-copy vector in E. coli B0013-070 resulted in the increased production and yield of D-lactate, in which 14.5 g L −1 of D-lactate was produced with a yield of 0.72 g g −1 glycerol from crude glycerol. The effect of temperature on D-lactate fermentation by the engineered strain E. coli B0013-070-pTHldhA was also investigated, and 34 °C and 40 °C were found to be the optimal temperatures for cell growth and lactate production, respectively. The engineered strain B0013-070-pTHldhA produced 100.3 g L −1 of D-lactate with 99.97% optical purity from 531.5 g of crude glycerol with an overall productivity of 2.78 g L −1 h −1 and a yield of 75.4 g per 100 g glycerol (0.77 mol mol −1 ) using two phase fermentation combined with a temperature shifting strategy in a 7 L bioreactor. In summary, this paper shows that crude glycerol could be directly converted to D-lactate without any prior purification. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See

The increasing distribution of miniaturized plastic particles, viz. microplastics (100 nm–5 mm) and nanoplastics (less than 100 nm), across the various ecosystems is currently a subject of major environmental concern. Exacerbating these concerns is the fact that microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) display different properties from their corresponding bulk materials; thus, not much is understood about their full biological and ecological implications. Currently, there is evidence to prove that these miniaturized plastic particles release toxic plastic additives and can adsorb various chemicals, thereby serving as sinks for various poisonous compounds, enhancing their bioavailability, toxicity, and transportation. Furthermore, there is a potential danger for the trophic transfer of MNPs to humans and other higher animals, after being ingested by lower organisms. Thus, this paper critically analyzes our current knowledge with regard to the environmental impacts of MNPs. In this regard, the properties, sources, and damaging effects of MNPs on different habitats, particularly on the biotic components, were elucidated. Similarly, the consequent detrimental effects of these particles on humans as well as the current and future efforts at mitigating these detrimental effects were discussed. Finally, the self-cleaning efforts of the planet via a range of saprophytic organisms on these synthetic particles were also highlighted.