In this chapter, the basic concepts of strain and the subject of components deformation and associated strain is proposed to be briefly discussed. The strain is a pure geometric quantity so there will be no limitation on the material of the component is required. The significant aspects related to strain and stress-strain relationship briefly discussed in this proposed chapter were as follows: displacement and strain, principal strains, compatibility equations, relationship between stress and strain, two and three dimensional state of stress with respect to strain, stress-strain relationship curve, and overview of various experimental techniques employed for the measurement of stress and strain respectively.
Experimental investigation on flow perturbations coupled with tube vibrations along the interstitial flow path are presented. A Normal Triangular tube arrays at different operating conditions with a pitch ratio of 1.85 was calculated. Interstitial flow perturbations Measurements all along the flow path were recorded by means of a hot-wire probe while monitoring the tube vibration in the stream wise and cross flow directions. A single flexible tube located in the centre of a rigid array was equipped with pressure transducers to observe the surface pressure deviation. The amplitude of flow perturbation and phase with respect to the tube vibrations were acquired at a number of positions alongside the flow path in the array. The consequence of tube vibration amplitude, mean gap velocity frequency, and measurement position of the hot wire probe on the amplitude of the flow perturbation and comparative phase were examined. It is observed that the perturbations of the fluid flow are primarily evident at the position of separation of the fluid flow from the test tube and decay swiftly with space from this position. It shows that the time delay between tube vibration and perturbation of the flow is associated with separation of the flow and enhanced vortices resulted due to the tube vibration.
Strain gauge method is one of the essential and fundamental methods in experimental stress techniques that uses the resistance of the material to determine the stress at a point. The strain gauges can be used in a different combination called Rosette to obtain stress in various directions. This chapter intends to cover types of strain gauges, materials, and Rosette arrangements to provide the reader with an overview of the techniques. The chapter will discuss the basic physics behind the resistance measurement and take the reader into insights on how the developments were made to the application of strain gauges as experimental techniques.
The strain gauge system consists of a metallic foil supported in a carrier and bonded to the specimen by a suitable adhesive. Previous chapters discussed the construction, configuration, and the material of the strain gauge. The strain gauge has advantages over the other methods. A strain gauge can give directly the strain value as output. However, in optical methods, it is required to interpret the results. It is also required to be aware that the strain gauge technology is majorly used, and it can also be easily wrongly used. Hence, it is required to obtain the proper knowledge of the strain gauge to get the full benefit of the technology. This chapter covers the majorly on the performance of the strain gauge, its temperature effects, and strain selection. Further, this chapter also covers the brittle coating technique that is used to decide the position of the strain gauge in the applications.
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