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Normalization to a constant salinity (S) is widely used for the adjustment of marine inorganic carbon chemistry data such as total alkalinity (AT) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT). This procedure traces back to the earliest studies in marine chemistry, but ignores the influence of riverine input of alkalinity and of dissolution of biogenic carbonates in the ocean. We tested different adjustment possibilities for AT and conclude that in most parts of the surface ocean the normalization concept does not reflect relationships which represent reality. In this paper, we propose a salinity adjustment based on a constant and region‐specific term for S = 0, which expresses river run off, upwelling from below the lysocline, calcification, and lateral sea surface water exchange. One application of the normalization concept is its extension to AT and also CT predictions and implementation in models. We give a brief discussion on the usage of such extensions.

Increased knowledge of the present global carbon cycle is important for our ability to understand and to predict the future carbon cycle and global climate. Approximately half of the anthropogenic carbon released to the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning is stored in the ocean, although distribution and regional fluxes of the ocean sink are debated. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) in the oceans remain prone to error arising from (i) a need to estimate preindustrial reference concentrations of carbon for different oceanic regions, and (ii) differing behavior of transient ocean tracers used to infer Cant. We introduce an empirical approach to estimate Cant that circumvents both problems by using measurement of the decadal change of ocean carbon concentrations and the exponential nature of the atmospheric Cant increase. In contrast to prior approaches, the results are independent of tracer data but are shown to be qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with tracer-derived estimates. The approach reveals more Cant in the deep ocean than prior studies; with possible implications for future carbon uptake and deep ocean carbonate dissolution. Our results suggest that this approachs applied on the unprecedented global data archive provides a means of estimating the Cant for large parts of the world's ocean.anthropogenic carbon ͉ marine chemistry ͉ North Atlantic

[1] We argue that diagnostics of excess dissolved calcium carbonate (TA*) above the saturation horizon cannot be unambiguously interpreted in terms of local in situ dissolution. We examine a three-dimensional numerical model of global ocean circulation and biogeochemistry with explicit representation of the formation and dissolution of calcium carbonate. In particular, dissolution is only allowed to occur below the saturation horizon. The model qualitatively captures the observed basin-and global-scale patterns of alkalinity and TA* as well as the relationship between TA* and chlorofluorocarbon age in the thermocline. The existence of TA* above the saturation horizon in the model can only be explained in terms of transport subsequent to dissolution. The model study does not rule out the possibility of shallow-depth calcium carbonate dissolution but suggests that dissolution rates derived from tracer observations have not adequately accounted for the influence of transport.

This article demonstrates that there are more similarities between peacekeeping and counter-insurgency (COIN) than often recognized. In today's 'war among the people', the counter-insurgent cannot succeed with offensive military capabilities alone and must seek to apply also non-kinetic and defensive methods; whereas the peacekeeper often is forced to apply 'robust' and kinetic means to implement a mandate. As a result, the two concepts seem to be converging and share some commonalities. The article compares the UN DPKO 'capstone doctrine' and the US Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual to argue that the two doctrines share similarities in six areas: 1) a focus on civilian solutions; 2) a need for protection of civilians; 3) international coherence; 4) host-nation ownership; 5) use of intelligence in support of operations; 6) limitations of the use of force. The article suggests areas where the two doctrines could mesh with each other. ______________________________________________Peacekeeping and counter-insurgency (COIN) operations appear at first glance to be at opposing ends on a spectrum of military force. The popular conception of the former is of an impartial lightly-armed force overseeing a peace agreement with the consent of the warring parties. Force is hardly used, except for force protection.COIN operations on the other hand, are often associated with war-fighting, where significant force is used to counter the attacks from insurgents that are attempting to topple the authorities.However, UN peacekeeping has evolved significantly since the end of the Cold War, and while impartiality remains a key facet, the nature of today's wars requires a different approach. Intra-state wars account for proportionately more conflicts that inter-state wars. The mandates of peacekeeping missions are now