O feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), comumente chamado de feijão de corda ou feijão macassar, é um alimento básico para as populações de baixa renda do Nordeste brasileiro. Constitui-se uma das principais culturas alimentares desta região e também do Oeste da África (ONWULIRI; OBU, 2002). Dentre os diferentes produtos agrícolas encontrados nas regiões tropicais, o caupi se destaca pelo alto valor nutritivo, além do baixo custo de produção. É amplamente cultivado pelos pequenos produtores, constituindo um dos principais componentes da dieta alimentar, especialmente na zona rural (EMBRAPA MEIO NORTE, 2003).Em termos mundiais, a área ocupada com feijão caupi é de cerca de 12,5 milhões de ha, com 8 milhões (64% da área mundial) na parte oeste e central da África e o restante nas Américas do Sul e Central, e na Ásia. Os principais produtores mundiais são Nigéria, Niger e Brasil (QUIN, 1997).No Brasil, o feijão caupi é cultivado predominantemente no sertão semi-árido da região Nordeste e em pequenas áreas na Amazônia (MAIA, 1996). No Nordeste, a produção e a produtividade são de 429.375 toneladas e 303,5 kg.ha -1 , respectivamente. Os maiores produtores são os Estados do Ceará, Piauí, Bahia e Maranhão, os quais também apresentam as maiores áreas plantadas (IBGE, 2001). A produção dos grãos, secos ou verdes, é destinada principalmente para o consumo humano in natura, na forma de conserva ou desidratado (EMBRAPA MEIO NORTE, 2003).Esta leguminosa constitui importante fonte de proteínas (23 a 25% em média) e carboidratos, destacando-se pelo alto AbstractCowpea is one of the major food cultures of the northeastern region of Brazil. To improve its resistance against plagues and to increase its productivity, a new cultivar (BRS-Milênio) was obtained by genetic improvement. This study aimed at determining the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, mineral constituents and trypsin inhibitory activity of this cultivar. The seed presents (g.100 g -1 ): 24.5 protein, 51.4 carbohydrates, 16.6 insoluble fiber and 2.7 soluble fiber, 2.6 ash; major mineral constituents (mg.100 g -1 ) were: iron -6.8, zinc -4.1, manganese -1.5, phosphorus -510.0 and potassium -1430.0. Lipid content was 2.2%, and its fatty acids profile: 29.4% saturated and 70.7% unsaturated. The caloric value was estimated as 323.4 kcal.100 g -1 of seeds. A low trypsin inhibitory activity was found (8.0 TIU.mg -1 of sample). The amino acid profile is in accordance with the reference amino acid standard, except for the sulfur amino acid deficiency, suggesting the need to encourage the combination of this bean with other food sources. Results suggest that cowpea presents high contents of energy, protein, dietary fiber, minerals and a low trypsin inhibitory activity. Although it contains low amounts of lipids, its composition presents a high unsaturated fatty acid profile.

O Brasil encontra-se entre os três principais produtores mundiais de feijão-caupi, acompanhando Nigéria e Niger (QUIN, 1997). No Brasil, o feijão-caupi é cultivado predominantemente no sertão semiárido da região Nordeste e em pequenas áreas na Amazônia (MAIA, 1996). No Nordeste, a produção e a produtividade são de 429.375 t e 303,5 kg/ha, respectivamente. Os maiores produtores são os Estados do Ceará, Piauí, Bahia e Maranhão (IBGE, 1993(IBGE, -2000.O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), comumente chamado de feijão-de-corda ou feijão-macassar, constitui alimento básico para as populações de baixa renda do nordeste brasileiro, sendo ainda uma das principais fontes de renda e emprego desta região. Dentre os diferentes produtos agrícolas encontrados nas regiões tropicais, o caupi se destaca pelo alto valor nutritivo, além de seu baixo custo de produção (EMBRAPA MEIO-NORTE, 2003).Esta leguminosa apresenta um importante papel na nutrição humana por constituir uma importante fonte de proteínas, carboidratos, destacando-se pelo alto teor de fibras alimentares, vitaminas e minerais, além de possuir baixa quantidade de lipídios (EMBRAPA MEIO-NORTE, 2003).O feijão, além de aumentar o conteúdo protéico na alimentação, contribui para melhorar sua qualidade na dieta, quando constituída predominantemente de leguminosas e cereais, porque além de ser uma excelente fonte de proteínas AbstractThis work had as objective to enrich bakery products (biscuit and rocambole or Brazilian roll) with cowpea flour (CF) to analyze their acceptability and chemical composition including mineral contents (iron, zinc, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus) and vitamins (thiamine and pyridoxine). Three formulations of biscuits containing 10, 20, and 30% CF and two formulations of Brazilian rolls with 10 and 20% CF were developed. It was observed an increase in the protein contents of the 30% CF biscuits and 20% CF Brazilian roll, as well as in the ash value of 20 and 30% CF biscuits and 20% CF Brazilian roll, when compared to a standard formulation. The concentration of minerals and pyridoxine analyzed increased with the addition of CF. It was also observed an increase in the thiamine concentration of 20% CF Brazilian roll. 10% CF Biscuits presented the major acceptance (84.4%) among the biscuits formulated with CF. In addition, the 10 e 20% CF Brazilian rolls also had a good acceptance (86.7 and 77.8%, respectively). All formulations developed with CF presented scores above six indicating that the products were sensory accepted. Therefore, it can be said that the addition of CF with the objective to improve the nutritive value of formulations based on cereals is feasible. Keywords: bakery; cowpea; biscuit; rocambole or Brazilian roll; chemical composition. ResumoEste trabalho teve como objetivo enriquecer produtos de panificação do tipo biscoito e rocambole com farinha de feijão-caupi (FFC), avaliar sua aceitabilidade e composição química, incluindo o conteúdo dos minerais (ferro, zinco, magnésio, potássio e fósforo) e das vitaminas (tiamin...

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Flaxseed has been widely studied around the world; its incorporation into products habitually consumed by human populations has been stimulated due to its unique nutritional value. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of Brazilian flaxseed, to analyze the stability of lipids present in whole flaxseed flour (WFF) or partially defatted flaxseed flour (DFF) stored under several temperatures, and to investigate the effect of bread making on a product containing flaxseed. Whole flaxseed flour presented (g.100 g-1) 25.7 of insoluble fiber, 10.7 of soluble fiber, 38.9 of lipids, and 2.65 of lignan. Defatted flaxseed flour presented 65% less lipids, 36% more fiber and 56% more lignan than whole flaxseed flour. The fatty acid profile was maintained in the defatted flaxseed flour, and it presented a stable composition during storage under ambient temperature, refrigeration, and freezing. The fatty acid profile was similar in the bread containing defatted flaxseed flour after dough development, baking, and storage at room temperature or refrigerated. After baking, 89% of the lignan content was kept in bread. Results show that Brazilian flaxseed has an interesting chemical composition, and that defatted flaxseed, by-product of lipid extraction, presents a good stability to grind and storage under several temperatures. Thus, defatted flaxseed flour can be incorporated in bread, increasing its nutritional and functional value.

Background: Sulforaphane (SF, 1-isothiocyanato-4-(methyl-sulfinyl)-butane) is found in broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower. Methods: we performed a critical review on the antioxidative, chemopreventive and antitumor effects of SF from cruciferous vegetables against prostate cancers and molecular pathways. For a complete and reliable review, primary and secondary resources were used, including original and review articles, books and government documents published until March 2018. Articles that are in duplicity and disconnected are not considered for review. SF is derived from glucoraphanin (4-methyl-sulfinyl-butyl-glucosinate), being one of the most commonly found isothiocyanates in vegetables from Brassica spp., especially in broccoli samples. In vitro studies indicate that SF induces apoptosis in a dependent or non-dependent method of androgens by transcription of tumor suppressor genes, oxidation response and higher expression of phase II enzymes in prostate cancer cells. Sulforaphane also decreases transcription of the nuclear factor kB and antiapoptotic proteins, expression of cyclin D2 and survivin and DNA synthesis, increases Nrf2 gene activity, interferes with genome compacting by inhibition of histone deacetylases and disrupts Hsp90 complexes, which cause cell cycle arrest, mitosis interruption, activation of caspases and mitochondria depolarization. Conclusion: SF and cruciferous vegetables play antioxidative and chemopreventive role, delaying or blocking in vivo carcinogenesis, causing biochemical and epigenetic changes, preventing, delaying, or reversing preneoplastic or advanced prostate lesions, and frequently activating tumor cell death by intrinsic methods of apoptosis. These outcomes encourage the consumption of Brassica specimens, which could be easily achieved by the incorporation of food and vegetables rich in cruciferous isothiocyanates in the diet.

We investigated the hypocholesterolemic and liver-protective effects of cooked and germinated whole mung beans. Hamsters were fed for 28 days on diets rich in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, differing only in protein source (20%): casein, cooked whole mung bean, and germinated mung bean. After 28 days, we found reduced plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, increased faecal cholesterol excretion, and reduced levels of asparagine aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes in the liver. Reduction in hepatic lipid deposition was observed between each of the mung bean groups relative to the casein group. In addition, the animals of the geminated mung bean group showed a lack of inflammatory infiltrate and better vascularisation of the hepatic tissue. Results from this study show significant hypocholesterolemic and liver-protective properties of the mung bean, which are further enhanced after germination.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) e parâmetros lipídicos. Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de ensino médio. O consumo alimentar foi analisado por meio de recordatório alimentar de 24h, sendo os AUP identificados de acordo com a NOVA classificação de alimentos. Os níveis de colesterol total, HDL-c e triglicérides, foram determinados por colorimetria enzimática e a fração de LDL-c estimada por fórmula. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student ou Mann-Whitney para comparação de médias e regressão linear para realizar associações entre as variáveis. Os resultados mostram que o consumo de AUP foi mais frequente nas adolescentes do sexo feminino, entre a faixa etária 17 a 19 anos, com renda familiar superior a dois salários mínimos e de escolas particulares. Nota-se que os indivíduos no maior tercil de consumo de AUP apresentaram maior ingestão energética, de carboidratos e de sódio, com menor ingestão de proteínas e de fibras. Observou-se, ainda, que o maior consumo de AUP foi associado negativamente aos níveis de HDL-c e positivamente aos níveis de triglicerídeos e dislipidemia. Portanto, os AUP estão associados a uma piora no perfil nutricional da dieta e alterações negativas nos parâmetros lipídicos de jovens.

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