This article presents the development of the Metropolis GZM cities within the scope of the concept of a Smart City and 4T capitals. The subject matter discussed herein is also related to the search for municipal authorities’ new models and tools to shape sustainable development in order to improve citizens’ access to municipal services and facilities, as well as to increase citizens’ impact on the future of their cities. The main objective of the research was to identify the way in which authorities of the selected cities consider the subject matter related to the Smart City and 4T capitals when formulating local policies. The aim of this article is to analyse the innovative potential in selected cities of the Metropolis GZM, in the light of academic entrepreneurship, the innovativeness of citizens, entities supporting innovativeness, and soliciting talent. The research was based on a systematic literature review and the analysis of local documents, supplemented by direct interviews with local managers and participant observation.
The decentralization of the large-scale energy sector, its replacement with pro-ecological, dispersed production sources and building a citizen dimension of the energy sector are the directional objectives of the energy transformation in the European Union. Building energy self-sufficiency at a local level is possible, based on the so-called Energy Communities, which include energy clusters and energy cooperatives. Several dozen pilot projects for energy clusters have been implemented in Poland, while energy cooperatives, despite being legally sanctioned and potentially a simpler formula of operation, have not functioned in practice. This article presents the coopetitive nature of Energy Communities. The authors analysed the principles and benefits of creating Energy Communities from a regulatory and practical side. An important element of the analysis is to indicate the managerial, coopetitive nature of the strategies implemented within the Energy Communities. Their members, while operating in a competitive environment, simultaneously cooperate to achieve common benefits. On the basis of the actual data of recipients and producers, the results of simulations of benefits in the economic dimension will be presented, proving the thesis of the legitimacy of creating coopetitive structures of Energy Communities.
The growing importance of electromobility and the desire to spread the use of electric vehicles are inextricably linked with the development of innovative technologies and new business models. On the one hand, regulations are being created outlining the development plans in this regard, on the other hand some of the market players are beginning to take actions aimed at establishing certain solutions and their business commercialization. In this context, it becomes important to analyse the nature of management strategies used by the entities involved in the development of electromobility. The authors of the paper identify and analyse various types of coopetition strategies in the context of electromobility development in Poland.
As a result of the gas market liberalization, new business models are emerging and one that brings positive effects to market players is purchasing group functioning. This paper adopts the approach of gas market review and provides a synthesis of its functioning in Poland. The review focuses first on the frameworks of the process of gas market liberalization. Next, the author presents gas market structure and lists and comments on its components. Then, the main characteristics of the market are discussed. The author presents a case study of the Metropolitan Gas Purchasing Group—the largest gas purchasing group in Poland with the volume reaching almost 225 GWh of purchased gas. As a result, the author highlights the effects of this coopetitive strategy which reached a value of PLN 3,000,000.
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