This paper presents the influence of thermal phenomena on areal measurements of surface topography using contact profilometers. The research concerned measurements under controlled and variable environmental conditions. The influence of internal heat sources from profilometer drives and their electronic components was analyzed. For this purpose, a thermal chamber was designed and built. Its task was to maintain and control environmental conditions and, at the same time, separate the profilometer from external disturbances. Heat sources and temperature values for elements and systems were determined. It further enabled for the calculation of the displacements in axes as a function of temperature. The largest displacement in the probe due to internal heat sources for the considered cases occurred in the X-axis direction. Its value reached 16.2 μm. However, the displacement in the probe in the Z-axis direction had the greatest impact on the measured surface topography. These displacements for a thermally unstable profilometer reached 7.9 μm in Z, causing results even 90% greater than in the case of a device without such problems. The time after which a proper topography measurement can be started was also determined basing on obtained data. This time for tested profilometers was between 6 and 12 h. It was found that performing thermal stabilization of the profilometer significantly reduced surface irregularity errors. The stabilization time should be determined individually for a specific type of device.
The paper presents a method for checking the geometry of stamped car body parts using a 3D optical measurement system. The analysis focuses on the first forming operation due to the deformation and material flow associated with stall thresholds. An essential element of the analysis is determining the actual gap occurring between the forming surfaces based on the die and punch geometry used in the first stamping operation. The geometry of car body elements at individual production stages was analyzed using an optical laser scanner. The control carried out in this way allowed one to correctly position the tools (punch and die), thus introducing the correction of technological parameters, having a fundamental influence on the specific features of the final product. This type of approach has not been used before to calibrate the technological line and setting of shaping tools. The influence of the manufactured product geometry in intermediate operations on the final geometry features was not investigated.
The study presents the influence of the anti-wear coatings and the type of material from which the cutting tools are made of on the cutting temperature occurring on the tool. The cutting tools made of boron nitride and tungsten carbide composite were investigated. The methodology of measuring the cutting temperature using the thermoelement and thermovision techniques was presented. The results of the temperature measurements occurring on the cutting tool in the cutting zone were compared. The paper also presents a method of determining the effective emissivity of the tested tools, necessary for the correct temperature measurement using the non-contact method. The obtained data were interpreted and the relationships described, and then the results obtained were discussed.
The paper presents the impact of lighting type and direction on measurements of surface asperities using focus-variation microscopy. Particular attention was paid to the direction of lighting when using a light ring. It was pointed out that the lighting direction directly affects the values of the parameters Rt, Rz, and Rc. The article also presents the impact of a light polarizer on the surface topography parameters. It has been shown that the positioning of a sample with a regular and directed structure relative to the optical axis of the light polarizer affects the accuracy of mapping surface asperities. The largest differences were observed for Rz and Rt parameters. A method of using an external polarizer mounted on a focus variation microscope lens was also presented.
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