Abstrak: Bioetanol merupakan energi alternatif yang dapat diproduksi dari biomassa seperti jerami padi dan biomassa berlignoselulosa. Biomassa lignoselulosa tersedia terus menerus dalam jumlah yang banyak, tetapi hanya dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak, dan kadang-kadang sisanya dibakar. Jerami padi dan pohon dao memiliki komponen selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar glukosa yang dihasilkan melalui proses hidrolisis jerami padi dan pohon dao menggunakan enzim selulase serta menentukan kadar etanol yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi glukosa menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proses sakarifikasi dan fermentasi serentak (SFS) dilakukan dalam reaktor yang sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fermentasi selama 3, 5, 7 dan 9 hari dihasilkan kadar dan konsentrasi bioetanol yang berbeda. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan kadar glukosa jerami padi adalah 105 mg/L dan dari kulit pohon dao sebanyak 216 mg/L.Volume bioetanol tertinggi pada hari ke-7 dengan tingkat kemurnian tertinggi pada pohon dao 0,97% pada jerami padi dengan 0,24%.
This chapter compares the current legal and regulatory landscape of cryptocurrency regulations of selected countries. Countries have adopted distinct and disparate regulatory approaches in regulating cryptocurrency. Countries such as Gibraltar, Malta, Switzerland, Singapore, and certain states in the United States have enacted proactive, enabling, and industry-specific laws to regulate cryptocurrency. The Philippines and Denmark are relatively forward-looking in their endeavour to regulate cryptocurrency by allowing its utilization and/or trade but with a restrictive and cautious approach. Certain countries have imposed rigorous restrictions or banned the usage or trade of cryptocurrency. With the rapid evolution and emergence of cryptocurrency markets, policymakers are adopting different trajectories to develop a suitable regulatory framework to regulate cryptocurrency. Countries around the world should harness the capabilities of cryptocurrency by devising favourable regulations rather than inhibit the application of cryptocurrency.
The application of AI technology in different sectors can intrude on the data subjects' privacy rights. While the data protection laws attempt to regulate the use and processing of personal data, these laws obstruct the growth and development of AI technology. Current regulations are unable to cope with the AI revolution due to the pacing problem and Collingridge dilemma. In view of the regulatory gaps and the complexity of technology, there is a strong justification to regulate AI technology. It is increasingly important to safeguard privacy without encumbering AI technology with regulatory requirements that will hinder its progress. With the convergence of AI and blockchain technology, privacy challenges are exacerbated. In this chapter, several types of regulations will be analysed to decipher a suitable regulatory framework for AI. This is to ensure effective regulation of AI and to allow AI to flourish with the use and application of blockchain features.
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