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This study investigated time patterns and the relationships between perceived stress, recovery, control, attention lapses, and defense mechanisms (DM) during a 12-month wintering in Concordia polar station with an international crew of 14 volunteers. This ICE (Isolated, Confined, Extreme) environment induced some stress, mainly in the social dimension and showed relationships (a) between DM and both stress and recovery and (b) between recovery and perceived control, highlighting the roles of DM and control in psychological adaptation. These results offer additional insights into the affective, social, and cognitive processes involved in adaptation. The findings suggest that preventive psychological countermeasures should be developed for crew members to counteract detrimental psychological outcomes and to improve adaptation to long-duration ICE situations such as planned human interplanetary space missions.

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Résumé Cette recherche vise, par la comparaison de deux populations relevant de pays différents du point de vue de leur développement socio-économique, à mettre en évidence comment la représentation sociale, supportée par un sous-groupe dans chacune de ces sociétés, joue un rôle de filtre face aux évolutions impulsées par les dynamiques macro-sociales. A partir de l’analyse de l’implantation du sport au Maroc et en France ainsi que des idéologies qui lui sont associées, nous avons pu schématiser le contexte social et idéologique à travers les notions de sport moderne/post-moderne, de manière à vérifier la relation entre ces effets de contexte et les représentations sociales des sous groupes étudiés, à savoir des étudiants sportifs des deux pays. Une analyse de représentation est menée à partir d’une tâche d’associations verbales. Les résultats permettent de souligner la prise en compte, dans les deux pays, des valeurs modernes et post-modernes, même s’il apparaît des spécificités interprétées en termes d’appropriation différente des valeurs.

. Stress and recovery assessment during simulated microgravity: Effects of exercise during a long-term head down tilt bed rest in women.. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Elsevier, 2009, pp.522-528. Stress and recovery assessment during simulated microgravity: Effects of exercise during a long-term head-down tilt bed rest in women Michel Nicolas, Karine Weiss AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 60-day head-down tilt long-term bed rest (HDT) on stress and recovery in sixteen healthy female volunteers. Participants were randomly assigned to either an exercise group (Exe) that followed a training program combining resistive and aerobic exercises, or to a no-exercise control group (Ctl). Psychological states were assessed using the Rest-Q, a validated questionnaire based on stress-recovery responses. A longitudinal analysis revealed significant changes in the general and specific-stress scales for all participants throughout the experiment with a critical stage from supine to standing posture leading to a significant decrease in physical recovery. During HDT, Exe reported higher scores on stress subscales, as well as lower recovery scores compared to the Ctl. During the post-HDT ambulatory recovery period, the exercisers still reported higher scores than the non-exercisers on the Lack of energy stressrelated scale, along with lower scores in general wellbeing and personal accomplishment. The present findings show that simulated weightlessness such as HDT may induce psychological stress and lead to subsequent alterations in perceived recovery. Exercise did not reduce HDT impaired effects on stress and recovery states. Several suggestions, including psychological preparation, are proposed to support the beneficial effects of exercise on psychological factors. Keywords:Bed rest ; Exercise countermeasures ; Recovery ; Space simulation ; Stress Manned spaceflights can be defined as an extreme environment because of the high level of constraints linked to numerous unfamiliar conditions including microgravity, monotony, lack of comfort, boredom, confinement and isolation (Kanas & Manzey, 2003;Suedfeld, 2005). Most of these constraints are present in space simulation experiments such as long-term bed rest (LTBR) which can also be considered as an extreme environment. LTBR not only constitutes a validated physiological model of spaceflights (e.g. Lathers & Charles, 1994;Louisy, Berry, Marini, Guell, & Guezennec, 1995;Sonnenfeld et al., 2007), but also provides good psychological analogues (Weiss & Moser, 1998). LTBR is typified by ''deprivation including the lack of customary amenities, isolation from the home community, confinement with a relatively small number of other people, lack of privacy, difficult and demanding tasks, limited opportunities for communication, and a degree of dependence on outsiders' ' (Harrison, 2005). Previous investigations have shown that simulated microgravity, along with immobilization in bed, accompanied by environmental constraints, induced ...

These psychosocial issues have important implications for pre-mission selection and training, monitoring and support of crews during the mission, and post-mission readaptation. Operational recommendations are suggested to improve adaptation, success, and well-being for long-duration ICE missions, e.g., to Mars and beyond. Nicolas M, Bishop SL, Weiss K, Gaudino M. Social, occupational, and cultural adaptation during a 12-month wintering in Antarctica. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(9):781-789.

This introduction to the special issue traces the history of psychosocial concerns related to Antarctic exploration, from the heroic age of early explorers through the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957 to 1958 to recent and current systematic research projects. The introduction discusses the organization and topics of international psychological investigations in polar stations and summarizes the articles that follow. Living in Antarctica imposes some unusual restrictions as well as opportunities, and it requires psychological adaptation to extreme environmental circumstances. The thrust of previous scientific and popular literature has been to focus on the negative effects of the situation and ignore the positive ones; however, ongoing studies are bringing about a more balanced view. Having an accurate understanding is important not only intrinsically and for appropriate application in the Antarctic itself but also in analogous extreme and unusual environments. These include extended space flight and space habitation, such as the projected voyage to Mars.