Research on early signs of autism in social interactions often focuses on infants' motor behaviors; few studies have focused on speech characteristics. This study examines infant-directed speech of mothers of infants later diagnosed with autism (LDA; n = 12) or of typically developing infants (TD; n = 11) as well as infants' productions (13 LDA, 13 TD). Since LDA infants appear to behave differently in the first months of life, it can affect the functioning of dyadic interactions, especially the first vocal productions, sensitive to expressiveness and emotions sharing. We assumed that in the first 6 months of life, prosodic characteristics (mean duration, mean pitch, and intonative contour types) will be different in dyads with autism. We extracted infants' and mothers' vocal productions from family home movies and analyzed the mean duration and pitch as well as the pitch contours in interactive episodes. Results show that mothers of LDA infants use relatively shorter productions as compared to mothers talking to TD infants. LDA infants' productions are not different in duration or pitch, but they use less complex modulated productions (i.e., those with more than two melodic modulations) than do TD. Further studies should focus on developmental profiles in the first year, analyzing prosody monthly.
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Background: The health care community is increasingly aware of the processing challenges and infection risks associated with duodenoscopes owing to published reports of outbreaks and regulatory recalls. Studies have demonstrated that the current practices are inadequate for consistently producing patient-ready endoscopes. Alternatively, terminal sterilization would offer a greater margin of safety and potentially reduce the risk of patient infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide−ozone sterilizer with regulatory clearance for terminal sterilization of duodenoscopes. Methods and Results: Validation studies were performed under laboratory simulated-use and clinical in-use conditions. The overkill method study demonstrated a reduction of at least 6-log of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores at half-cycle, providing a sterility assurance level of 10 ¡6 . In addition, the sterilizer achieved a 6-log reduction of G stearothermophilus in the presence of inorganic and organic soils in a simulated-use study. The clinical in-use study confirmed that the sterilizer achieved sterilization of patient-soiled duodenoscopes under actual use conditions. Conclusions: Simulated-use and clinical in-use studies demonstrated the efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide −ozone sterilizer for terminal sterilization of duodenoscopes. This offers health care facilities a viable alternative for duodenoscope processing to enhance patient safety as part of a comprehensive infection control strategy.
But : Afin de saisir le rôle des interactions adulteenfant dans le développement de l'expression de la douleur, nous avons mené une étude qualitative de contenus interactifs lors d'un événement douloureux au sein d'une crèche. Méthodes et matériel : La méthode consiste à enregistrer de façon écologique des interactions adulte-enfant lors d'un événement douloureux. La population est constituée de 20 enfants (âgés de 9,6 à 39 mois, âge moyen : 25 mois) et de dix auxiliaires de puériculture de la crèche. Résultats : L'analyse des résultats montre que les adultes adaptent leur style interactif à chaque situation en considérant un ensemble de facteurs : situationnels (type d'incident, intensité de la douleur) et individuel (âge de l'enfant). Cette adaptation fournit alors à l'adulte les moyens de remplir une fonction de soin et de régulation émotionnelle. Conclusions : De surcroît, ces interactions entre adulte et enfant en crèche permettent la construction d'une représentation commune, socialement et culturellement normée de la douleur et de son expression. Mots clés Douleur · Interactions · Enfant · LangageAbstract Aim: To study the role of interactions between an adult and a child in the development of the expression of pain outside the family context. Methods and materials: A qualitative study of interactions during a painful event in a kindergarten was conducted. Twenty children from 9.6 months to 39 months of age (mean age 25 months) and ten adults working as professionals in the kindergarten were recorded. The method was to audiotape ecological interactions between an adult and a child during a painful event.Results: The results show that adults adjust their interactive style to each situation by considering a combination of situational (type of event, pain intensity) and individual factors (child's age). Adults assumed the role of a caregiver and were attuned to the emotional regulation of children. Conclusion: Observation of the interactions between an adult and a child in the kindergarten informs the construction of a common socially and culturally situated representation of pain and its expression.
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