RESUMO -Testou-se a ação de diferentes concentrações de cloreto de sódio, benzocaína e óleo de cravo-da-índia na sobrevivência de alevinos e juvenis de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus), linhagem chitralada, por 5 horas visando ao transporte.Utilizaram-se 1.350 alevinos (9,74 ± 0,04 g e 6,79 ± 0,01 cm) e 270 juvenis (29,6 ± 0,06 g e 11,52 ± 0,01). Os peixes foram mantidos em jejum por 24 horas em quatro caixas de amianto (500 L) com aeração constante. Em seguida, os peixes foram distribuídos em 54 sacos plásticos, capacidade para 5 L e mantidos em soluções de: cloreto de sódio nas concentrações de (0; 4; ou 8 g/L), benzocaína (0; 20; ou 40 mg/L) e óleo de cravo (0; 2; ou 5 mg/L). O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em arranjo multifatorial, com três fatores: substâncias, peixes e concentrações de cada substância em estudo. Mensuraram-se, no início, os parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, pH, salinidade e amônia e, ao final do experimento, a glicose dos peixes. Maiores níveis de glicose foram registrados nos juvenis mantidos na água com óleo de cravo e cloreto de sódio. Não foi observada diferença significativa na sobrevivência entre os tipos de peixes e as substâncias.Entretanto, as dosagens de cloreto de sódio e benzocaína ocasionaram diferenças significativas na taxa de sobrevivência. A sobrevivência foi baixa nos alevinos com 0 g/L de cloreto de sódio e diferiu das dosagens 4 e 8 g/L. O óleo de cravo promoveu resultados similares, em todas as dosagens e substâncias, de taxas de glicose. Ao final do experimento, a sobrevivência foi satisfatória, com média geral de 97,26%, comprovando que as três substâncias podem ser usadas no transporte de alevinos e juvenis durante 5 horas. Sugere-se o cloreto de sódio por seu melhor custo-benefício.Palavras-chave: anestésico, estresse, eugenol, glicose, Oreochromis niloticus, sal (NaCl) Sodium chloride, benzocaine and clove oil in tilapia transport water ABSTRACT -The action of different concentrations of sodium chloride, benzocaine and clove oil in the survival of fingerling and juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), chitralada lineage, was tested during 5 hours for transportation. A total of 1350 fingerlings were used ( weight 9.74 ± 0.04 g and length 6.79 ± 0.01 cm) and 270 juveniles (average weight 29.6 ± 0.06 g and length 11.52 ± 0.01 cm). The fish were maintained without food for 24 hours in four 500L asbestos boxes with constant aeration. Subsequently, the fish were distributed in 54 5 L plastic bags and maintained in a solution of sodium chloride at a concentration of (0; 4; 8 g/L), benzocaine (0; 20; 40 mg/L) and clove oil (0; 2; 5 mg/L). A randomized block experimental design was used with three replications, in multi-factorial arrangements, with three factors: substances, fish and different concentrations for each substance used. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, salinity and ammonia were measured at the beginning of the experiment and the fish glucose at the end of the experiment. The largest glucose levels were detected in ...
The shrimp industry has grown significantly over the past 10 years in Brazil, especially the farmed production of the exotic Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In 2004, this industry was marked by a productivity crisis, which stirred interest towards genetic improvement of shrimp stocks. Shrimp breeders importation was banned in Brazil by a govern Normative Instruction in 1997, as a sanitary precaution. Since then, broodstock replacement in hatcheries has been based on domestic stocks, raising concerns on the decline of genetic diversity and if the existing diversity would allow effective genetic improvement programs. In the present research, genetic parameters such as number of alleles, effective allele number, expected and observed heterozygosities, inbreeding coefficient, genetic differentiation index and deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium have estimated of two important commercial hatcheries in Northeast Brazil, genotyping 5 microsatellite loci. Effective allele number (3 to 10.5) and average observed and expected heterozygosities (0.480 and 0.680) were consistent with those reported for cultured and wild Penaeid populations. However, F IS positive values (0.381 for hatchery A and 0.249 for hatchery B) reflected a significant heterozygous deficiency within hatcheries (P<0.01). Nevertheless, we concluded that even after ten years of limited genetic input, it has been possible to maintain a high level of genetic variability, possibly due to the wide diverse origin of the founder broodstocks and the constant breeders exchange among hatcheries.
The shrimp disease necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHPB) is caused by an intracellular rickettsia-like bacterium. When present on shrimp farms this pathogen leads to high mortalities and economic losses. In an effort to improve the diagnosis of NHPB in farmed Litopenaeus vannamei, we compared two traditional techniques, wet mounts and histopathology with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Shrimp (n = 154) were collected from a commercial farm in Brazil with reportedly high mortalities caused by NHPB and had their hepatopancreas divided into three samples; one sample was wet mounted and examined under a light microscope for alteration in fluid color, lipid content, and tubular alteration (presence of loose cells, atrophy, melanization, necrosis, and hemocytic nodules), while the other two were fixed and preserved for histopathology (examined for hemocytic infiltration, edema, granulomatous lesions, and tubular atrophy) and PCR analyses. A poor correlation (R = 0.0718) was found among the PCR results and those parameters observed in wet mounts or histopathology, because a significant percentage of PCR negative individuals also presented hepatopancreatic lesions, possibly caused by other etiologies besides NHPB. Under the specific conditions of our study, we conclude that neither wet mount examination nor histopathology techniques should be used without confirmatory PCR to diagnose NHPB in farmed shrimp.
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