Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. MethodsWe used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age.Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including
Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m 2 . In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, the...
IntroduçãoO envelhecimento envolve alterações na saúde geral do indivíduo, que podem resultar em comprometimento de funções fisiológicas, imunoló-gicas e sensoriais, como é o caso da audição. A perda auditiva no idoso pode ocorrer de forma progressiva, específica e ter caráter individual, sendo denominada presbiacusia, e suas complicações podem representar consequências sociais e psicológicas, como o isolamento social, frustração e depressão 1,2,3 .A prevalência da deficiência auditiva em idosos é alta 4,5,6,7,8 . Entretanto, a falta de estudos de base populacional em âmbito nacional, pode explicar o fato de a Política Nacional de Saúde da Pessoa Portadora de Deficiência fazer referência à literatura internacional, ao citar a presbiacusia como principal causa de deficiência auditiva em idosos, com incidência de aproximadamente 30% na população com mais de 65 anos 9 .A avaliação audiológica na pessoa idosa deve envolver não só os exames que visam definir os limiares audiológicos do indivíduo, como a audiometria tonal, mas também considerar a percepção do paciente em relação a sua perda auditiva, no aspecto funcional, ou seja, nas suas atividades sociais, familiares e diárias 10,11 .Embora o exame de audiometria possa ser considerado padrão ouro para estimar a prevalência da deficiência auditiva em uma po-ARTIGO ARTICLE
From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a QV de 70 idosos funcionalmente independentes e residentes em instituições (G1) e 210 não institucionalizados (G2) na região metropolitana de Vitória-ES. Estudo descritivo transversal. Foi utilizado o instrumento Whoqolbref, um roteiro de exame físico e um questionário sociodemográfico. Foram empregados os testes "t" de Student, Mann-Whitney, Kruskall Wallis e Wilcoxon. Em relação à saúde sistêmica, verificou-se associação entre o fator institucionalização e a pressão arterial sistólica no G1 (PAS:132,98; p= 0,003). O G1 mostrou pior qualidade de vida comparado ao G2, que apresentou melhores pontuações em todos os domínios do instrumento. Observou-se uma associação entre institucionalização e todos os domínios da qualidade de vida: domínio físico (p=0,002), psicológico (p=0,000), relações sociais (p=0,033) e meio ambiente (p=0,002). O G1 apresentou pior qualidade de vida que G2, permitindo afirmar que a institucionalização de idosos é um fato determinante na perda da qualidade de vida.
OBJETIVO: Descrever a ocorrência de relatos de pessoas com deficiência auditiva e múltipla (auditiva e visual e/ou mobilidade) quanto às dificuldades para ouvir e entender profissionais de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, do tipo inquérito de saúde, realizado com sujeitos selecionados a partir de outros dois estudos de base populacional. A coleta dos dados ocorreu de forma domiciliar, por meio de entrevistas realizadas por entrevistadores treinados, em São Paulo e região. Foram coletadas informações sobre a dificuldade de ouvir e entender o que os profissionais de saúde disseram no último serviço de saúde usado, além de dados demográficos (idade, gênero e raça), econômicos (renda do chefe da família), tipo de serviço de saúde procurado, uso de plano privado de saúde e necessidade de auxílio para ir ao serviço de saúde. RESULTADOS: Dos entrevistados, 35% relataram problemas para ouvir e entender os profissionais de saúde no último serviço visitado; 30,6% (IC95%: 23,4-37,8) para entender os médicos; 18,1% (IC95%: 12,0-24,1) para entender as enfermeiras; e 21,2% (IC95%: 14,8-27,6) para entender os outros funcionários. Não houve diferenças quando se considerou as variáveis demográficas, a necessidade de auxílio para tomar banho e se vestir, comer, levantar-se e/ou andar, possuir ou não plano privado de saúde e tipo de serviço de saúde visitado. CONCLUSÃO: Do total de pessoas entrevistadas, 35% relataram problemas para ouvir e entender o que foi dito por profissionais de saúde. Do total que relatou alguma dificuldade, 34,74% tinham deficiência auditiva e 35,38% deficiência múltipla.
Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos óbitos e a letalidade de síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) por COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado com dados das fichas de notificação de SRAG de crianças e adolescentes (0 a 19 anos) com confirmação laboratorial para COVID-19. Foram incluídas as notificações com evolução completa de SRAG por COVID-19 até a 38ᵃ Semana Epidemiológica de 2020. Resultados: Foram investigadas 6.989 hospitalizações, das quais 661 evoluíram a óbito, perfazendo uma letalidade hospitalar de 9,5%. Observou-se maior letalidade entre menores de 1 ano de idade (14,2%), crianças e adolescentes do sexo feminino (9,7%), indígenas (23,0%) e residentes em zonas rurais (18,1%), como também nas regiões Nordeste (15,4%) e Norte (9,7%) do país. Conclusão: Foram observadas diferenças na letalidade hospitalar, conforme as características sociodemográficas e marcantes desigualdades regionais.
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