Quick clay has been involved in most serious, large clay slides in Sweden, Norway, and Canada. This paper describes geotechnical and geophysical methods that can be used to locate and map the extent of quick clay formations. Surface resistivity measurements and four different sounding methods have been tested. The results have been compared with sensitivities determined using fall-cone tests. The investigation shows that there is a correlation between sensitivity and electrical resistivity, which can be used to discriminate between marine clays that have been leached sufficiently to possibly form quick clay and those for which the salt content remains sufficiently high to prevent this. Although the most reliable evaluation of the variation in sensitivity was obtained by the CPT with additional measurement of total penetration force, this investigation suggests that any sounding method that uses a constant rate of advance into the ground and in which the penetration force applied on the top of the rods is measured may be used for quick clay mapping.
BACKGROUNDDivorce is associated with a weakened relationship between the child and the nonresident parent, usually the father. This loss of contact is likely to be even further exacerbated if this parent lives at a substantial distance from the child.
OBJECTIVEThis paper analyzes how the distance between children and nonresident parents, the year after a parental separation, has changed during a 40-year period in Sweden, and whether this is related to changes in child custody policies.
METHODSWe use Swedish population register data that includes exact geographical coordinates for children and their nonresident parents in the year after separation. We analyze how average distance and the likelihood of living very close to, or very far from, a nonresident parent has changed over this period, using OLS and logistic regression models.
RESULTSResults show a gradual decrease in the distance between children and nonresident parents from the 1970s until the early 1990s, after which the trend stalled at a low level. In 2011, 50% of all children lived within 2 kilometers of their nonresident parent. We find no evidence of direct policy effects, indicated by any sudden changes in distance after the introduction of a new custody policy. High-income parents have changed their postdivorce residential patterns at a faster pace than low-income parents.
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