Drawing upon the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we developed and tested a conceptual model which integrates both internal personality factors and external contextual factors to determine their associations with motivational factors and entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). We then investigated if the model of EI applies in a developing country, namely Iran. We also set out to identify the most relevant factors for EI within this developing country context. Do distal predictors of EI including personality factors (i.e. need for achievement, risk taking and locus of control) and contextual factors (i.e. perceived barriers and support) significantly relate to EI via proximal predictors including motivational factors (i.e. attitudes towards entrepreneurship and perceived behavioural control [PBC])? Data were collected on 331 students from 7 public universities. The findings support the TPB for EI in Iran. All three motivational factors related to EI, but PBC showed the strongest association, which is different than in developed country contexts. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed. All three personality characteristics indirectly related to EI via the proximal attitudes towards entrepreneurship and PBC. Perceived contextual support and barriers indirectly related to EI via proximal PBC while perceived barriers also directly related to EI.

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Abstract:The main purpose of this study was to analyze Iran's developmental plans in order to examine and compare their direction and conformity with the sustainable development theory via the compass of sustainability. The approach involves a content analysis used in line with qualitative research methodologies. The results indicated that, in the first developmental plans, there was no direct reference to sustainable development. In the second to fifth plans, the main focus was on the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of development; which were common elements seen in the policies of all the plans. An analysis of the fourth plan revealed that expressions related to sustainable development appeared more frequently, indicating a stronger emphasis on sustainable development by decision-makers.

Today, Generation new and various information and knowledge sources need new information and communication channels. The better selection of information and communication channels (ICCs), the more effectiveness of extension programs in agriculture. Surveying on wheat farmers' access to sources of information and communication channels as ICCs about controlling Eurygaster integriceps Puton in Hamedan province of Iran is primary purpose in this research study. The research method used was descriptive-analytic survey (correlation, causative and regression). The population consisted of a sample of wheat farmers (N = 203) on Hamedan province in Iran from 2004 through 2005. Descriptive results of this study showed that all of respondents were male ranged in age from 23 to 83 years. The most important educational need of wheat farmers was identifying new varieties of wheat's resistant to pest. Village extension centers, TV, neighbors/relatives/colleagues, extension agents and radio, were the five important communication channels basis on eligibility to access, respectively. The highest confidence of wheat farmers was toward agricultural research centers, village extension centers, local extension agents, newsletter and TV, respectively.

Problem statement: The purpose of this study was to analyze the administrative feasibility of monitoring mechanisms implementations in Hamedan province. Recognizing, formulating and ranking appropriate mechanisms were another objective of the study. Approach: This study was a descriptive survey research and the statistical population of the study included staff and executive experts that involved in related to agricultural development organizations of Hamedan. The all of statistical population were selected and studied. Data collection was accomplished by using questionnaires were filled out using interviews with the participants. The questionnaire was validated by a 5 member panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed through pre-test of data tool and Cronbach Alpha. In total, 210 questionnaires were filled out using interviews with the participants. Two statistical techniques were also used to analyze data. Coefficient of variance was used in order to determine priority of different mechanisms about resource conservation. Mann-Whitney technique utilized for assessing agreement of experts perceptions. Results: Results of different mechanisms ranking show that four of them placed from first to fourth orders with a low coefficient of variance. These mechanisms were: Codification of appropriate rules and regulations, resources conservation police establishment, integrated systems of permission and utilization licenses, polluters pays surcharge. Results from agreement assessment revealed that both staffs experts and executive perceptions agreed with 12 mechanisms because variation coefficient was low for these 12 mechanisms, some command and control mechanisms implementation in the study area are unfeasible (resources conservation police establishment (Sig = 0.032), encounter versus invasive of natural resources (Sig = 0.022), monitoring of technology application standards (Sig = 0.042) and tradable rights (permits) for resource utilization (Sig = 0.033). The mechanisms which had a view of external control were not agreed with experts and had no priority. Conclusion: Therefore, using compulsory or forced mechanisms expect to have the less possibility of success in order to conserve basic resources of agricultural sector product. It can be expected that those mechanisms which had high priority will contribute to agricultural related organizations when they intend to apply resource conservations strategies

The use of medicinal plants and their processed essence in industrial countries is increasing. Hence the main purpose of study is carrying out an analysis with a systemic approach to production situations of medicinal plants in Iran. The data were gathered from two methods, consisting of firstly documentary studies and secondly a survey study. The research instrument was a questionnaire. The results have been presented in a SWOT frame, and the results that were found in this research are divided into four categories; Strengths such as: the supply of an effective material of medicines, the supply of an un-side effect medicine, the supply of a raw material of medical industries, the conservation of biodiversity, as raw materials for extraction of active constituents in a pure form, medicinal plants are resistant and strong in physiological aspects, Weaknesses such as: all of medicinal and industrial plant species have not been identified, knowledge of genetics and plant physiology of medicinal plants is unfortunately not as developed as that of food crops, lack of research and development of high-yielding varieties and domestication, low productivity and output, low quality of output, low profitability, uncontrolled, traditional and misuse of this plants, low quality of by products for export, Opportunities such as: diverse climate appropriate for growth of various medicinal species, no dependence on foreign medicine, helping the development of medical industries by providing added value, helping the development of processing industries, preparation of income finally due to development, preparation of employment, increase of by product export, help to human welfare and society, and Threats such as: having no integrated and systemic approach in planning for medicinal plants, drought and climate change, having no coordination between Ministry of Agriculture, industry and commerce for developing relative industries, socioeconomic constrains in cooperation for utilizing, limited research and development centers in this case, unorganized market, marketing and access to latest technological and market information, deficiency of information sources and lack of information and research systems on medicinal plants, lack of developmental and extension and advisory services, these are found effective factors in the production of medicinal plants in Iran, that are presented as holistic analysis in a SWOT worksheet.