Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) is a major pest of cabbage and other vegetables in the Brassicaceae family. The management and control of this cosmopolitan and economic pest has been a challenge in tropical regions. Reliance on chemical insecticides have led to resistance, natural enemy suppression, contaminated residues, risks to chemical poisoning and other environmental contamination. Therefore, the need to utilize non-host spice plants is an alternative. For this study, we focus on different concentration levels of two local spice plants; (1) chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) and ( 2) ginger (Zingiber officinale R.). Based on previous studies, extracts from both plants have been able to reduce pest infestation in vegetables. There were nine ( 9) treatments (T):T8=6ml of pure water L −1 v/v and T9=9ml of pure water L −1 v/v. From these treatments, 6ml chili was effective in lowering the defoliation (%) and was able to produce high leaf area index (LAI) regardless of increasing rainfall. Ginger 9ml produced high LAI and low defoliation in spite of increasing rainfall. Rainfall (mm) was an important environmental factor affecting the abundance, LAI and defoliation.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple food in the world including Asia and Pacific. Millions of people around the world depend on rice due to the high calories and economic returns it provides. More than 100 species of insects including 20 economic pests are capable of causing notable damage to rice plants. Insect pests continue to pose threat to rice farming since rice plants serve as their host plants. Pests are major constraints to rice production and coexist with rice growth. Information on pest economic importance, description, biology, distribution, economic threshold level, population dynamics, monitoring and forecasting is a prerequisite. This review is focused on brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) which is an important economic rice pest that are prevalent in tropical rice growing regions. Brown planthopper (BPH) is a serious pest of rice and has tremendous impact especially in Asia-Pacific region. Understanding the biology and ecology of this pest will enhance the designing, formulation and utilization of effective control measures. The control strategies as stipulated by integrated pest management (IPM) should be eco-friendly with minimum use of synthetic pesticides while boosting the activities of natural enemies and other biological control agents. The control measures discussed in this paper are oriented towards the cultural and biological aspects of managing the pest.
Incorporating lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus L.) and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) as non-host barrier plants to reduce impact of flea beetle (Chaetocnema confinis C.) in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.
Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) with abbreviation DBM is a detrimental pest that mostly attacks cabbage and other vegetables in Brassicaceae family. The build-up of resistance in DBM due to continuous and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides have refocused farmer's perspectives to plant based extracts. Plant extracts are generally compatible with natural enemies of pests therefore are considered eco-friendly. This study was done to evaluate the push effect of Garlic (Allium sativum L.), Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) and Seaweed extract on the activity of DBM. All three treatments; chili extract, garlic extract, and seaweed extract were generally effective in controlling DBM than the reference group (control treatment). Separation of means by Student-newman-keuls (SNK) test showed that Diamondback moth (DBM) abundance under seaweed extract was significantly low (2.18±0.32, p< 0.05) followed by chili extract (3.22±0.43, p< 0.05). There was no significant difference in DBM abundance under garlic extract and control treatment. For defoliation, only control treatment recorded a significant increase in DBM population (5.40±0.64, p< 0.05). The other three plant extracts had similar low non-significant abundances (p> 0.05). Data on LAI did not show any significant differences in all the treatments meaning treatments did not affect LAI (p> 0.05). This study found that both seaweed and chili extracts were effective in controlling P. xylostella in round cabbage. Both extracts are recommended for use since they differ in their mechanism pathways to protect crops.
The push-pull strategy plays a vital role in management of pests in tropical agriculture. Extracts from two local plants, marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) were investigated for their potential to manage infestation of Cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella S.). Bean weight under ginger extract in block 1 was relatively low (p<0.05, 65.13 ±6.65, σ =49.29) while highest in block 2 (p<0.05, 110.45±11.61, σ =73.41). Damage score under ginger extract in block 1 was relatively low (p<0.05, 1.49±0.19, σ =1.37). Control treatment produced the highest number of entry holes under block 2 (p<0.05, 8.38±0.73, σ =4.89). There was a positive correlation between bean damage and bean weight under ginger extract treatment (p<0.05, r= 0.42). Marigold extract produced non-significant results for all response variables (p>0.05). The findings from this study rectify that ginger (Z. officinale) extract was effective in managing C. cramerella infestation in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) through push strategy. Marigold (T. erecta) extract did not reduce the impact of C. cramerella therefore it was recommended for planting as intercrop rather than applying as extract.
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