This article investigates the possibility of using non-contact interactance as a method for profiling the temperature in a processed meat product (liver pâté) as it comes out of the oven. The application was defined by an industrial partner, Nortura SA, Tønsberg, Norway, where more control of the cooking process was desired. The optical system employs low spectral resolution to achieve high enough signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to depths of 2 cm into the product. The partial least squares (PLS) method was applied to interactance spectra in the region 760–1040 nm and a root mean square error of 1.52 °C was obtained. The model was tested on five different validation sets spread over 18 months and a root mean square error of prediction of 2.66 °C was achieved. The output of this model was based on the weighted average of two temperatures in the first 2 cm of the liver pâté, one of which is the core temperature. A comparison was also made with two other models: a model based on the core temperature alone and a model based again on the weighted temperature but using the shorter wavelength range of 905.5–1047 nm. These two models gave less favorable prediction errors.
lossless and that the MNs present an open-circuit impedance to the first five harmonics. As there is no explicit harmonic tuning in the MN, it is impossible to completely meet these criteria. The PAE, drain efficiency, and gain of the dual-band design were compared with that of a single-band microstrip TL design at each frequency in Table 2. In both cases, there is a reduction in the gain of about 0.3-0.5 dB. This can be attributed to the extra size and complexity of the dual-band MN. The stability network in the dual-band PA was altered from the single-band network and subsequently provides better harmonic suppression. As a result, the dual-band PA provides a higher PAE at 2.5 GHz than the single-band PA. The same result does not occur at 3.5 GHz because there is additional loss in the output MN that lowers the gain and PAE. However, any small drop in performance is acceptable when considering that the PA works in both operating frequencies concurrently. CONCLUSIONSIn this article, a detailed procedure to design dual-band MNs was developed. For that, a number of circuit transformations were applied to convert a lumped element MN to one composed of microstrip TLs. To do this, a new architecture for dual-band J inverters was derived to meet the bandwidth of the design. In addition, equivalent capacitively loaded transmission lines were used to reduce the size of the J inverters and allowed the MNs' size to be decreased by more than 50%. Through the application of the developed procedure, a compact, concurrent dual-band power amplifier was designed. The PAE and output power of the designed dual-band PA is very comparable with that of single-band PAs. The procedure used to achieve these results can be applied to different frequency bands. Additionally, an extension of the above procedure into multiband operation is also being investigated. A CIRCULAR-DISC MONOPOLE ANTENNA WITH BAND-REJECTION FUNCTION FOR ULTRAWIDEBAND APPLICATION
Raman based gas sensing can be attractive in several industrial applications, due to its multi-gas sensing capabilities and its ability to detect O 2 and N 2 . In this article, we have built a Raman gas probe, based on low-cost components, which has shown an estimated detection limit of 0.5 % for 30 second measurements of N 2 and O 2 . While this detection limit is higher than that of commercially available equipment, our estimated component cost is approximately one tenth of the price of commercially available equipment. The use of a resonant Fabry-Pérot cavity increases the scattered signal, and hence the sensitivity, by a factor of 50. The cavity is kept in resonance using a piezo-actuated mirror and a photodiode in a feedback loop. The system described in this article was made with minimum-cost components to demonstrate the low-cost principle. However, it is possible to decrease the detection limit using a higher-powered (but still low-cost) laser and improving the collection optics. By applying these improvements, the detection limit and estimated measurement precision will be sufficient for e.g. the monitoring of input gases in combustion processes, such as e.g. (bio-)gas power plants. In these processes, knowledge about gas compositions with 0.1 % (absolute) precision can help regulate and optimize process conditions. The system has the potential to provide a low-cost, industrial Raman sensor that is optimized for specific gas-detection applications.
Active illumination 3D imaging systems based on Time-of-flight (TOF) and Structured Light (SL) projection are in rapid development, and are constantly finding new areas of application. In this paper, we present a theoretical design tool that allows prediction of 3D imaging precision. Theoretical expressions are developed for both TOF and SL imaging systems. The expressions contain only physically measurable parameters and no fitting parameters. We perform 3D measurements with both TOF and SL imaging systems, showing excellent agreement between theoretical and measured distance precision. The theoretical framework can be a powerful 3D imaging design tool, as it allows for prediction of 3D measurement precision already in the design phase.
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