Long-term research on RNA interference led to an unfathomed understanding of the mechanism of siRNA-mediated silencing and finally siRNA has emerged as a powerful therapeutic tool. With siRNAs virtually every gene in the human genome contributing to a disease becomes amenable to regulation, thus opening unprecedented opportunities for drug discovery. siRNA has a well-established role as a tool for in vitro target screening and validation, besides these recent progresses of siRNA delivery in vivo, this has raised more expectations for siRNA-based drugs as the up-and-coming 'magic bullet'. Although a plethora of articles have been published with siRNA, the fundamentals of siRNA-mediated gene silencing and transforming the functional genomics to novel therapeutics are reviewed in this article with consideration to present hurdles as a new generation challenge.

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Stable performance of grain amaranths genotypes at specific environment is critical for obtaining high and consistent yield. This study was conducted to assess grain yield stability of thirteen genotypes in varied environments in three successive growing seasons and effects of genotype (G) and genotype×environment (GE) interaction were illustrate graphically based on "what-won-where" to advocate genotypes for a specific environment, using GGE biplot. Result of study revealed that GGE biplot was effective to recognize stable and highest yield (1648.92 kg/ha) genotype as G5 followed by G6 (1457.24 kg/ha) and G3 (1268.62 kg/ha) genotypes while the genotype G7 had the lowest grain yield and was the least stable across varying environments. This study could be aid tool for endorsement of amaranths genotypes for specific environment, taking into elucidation the peculiarities of genotypes and growing stipulation. KEYWORDS GGE biplotGrain amaranths Grain yieldWhat-won-where

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Phenotypic stability was carried out by using Eberhart & Russell model, as well as recent GGE biplot approach for identification of the foremost genotypes across the different environments in pigeonpea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes. Further, Pearson correlation was carried out to correlate the different yield contributing attributes with seed yield. Fifty six pigeonpea genotypes comprising fourteen parents, forty hybrids and two standard checks were evaluated at four environments during kharif season of 2013 and 2014, to study genotype × environment interaction for yield and related traits. A significant difference was obtained for yield and yield contributing characters among genotypes in individual as well as pooled environments except for pod length, 100 seed weight and seed protein content (%). For traits like days to maturity, plant height, pods per plant, pod clusters per plant, seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant Genotypes × Environments (linear) values were significant when tested against pooled deviation. Some hybrids such as GT 610 A × GT R 84

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The reliability of the quantification of genetic diversity using only one type of marker has been questioned as compared to the combined use of different markers. To compare the efficiency of the use of single versus multiple markers, the genetic diversity was quantified among 12 diverse pigeonpea germplasm comprised of eight wild and four cultivated using both random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and how well these two types of markers discriminated the diverse pigeonpea germplasm was evaluated. The pigeonpea germplasm including eight wild species and four cultivated varieties was subjected to 40 RAPD and 40 microsatellite primers. The level of polymorphism as revealed by RAPD primers produced a total of 517 DNA fragments and all were found to be polymorphic that is, 100% and in SSR analysis 101 fragments were produced that too showed 100% polymorphism. The high similarity index value revealed by RAPD was 0.931 between GT-100 and ICPL-87 whereas through SSR, it was 1.00 between GTH-1 and GT-100 as well as Rhyncosia rothi and Rhyncosia minima. The least similarity index value revealed by RAPD (R. rothi and GTH-1) and SSR (Rhyncosia bracteata and ICPL-87) were 0.07 and 0.133, respectively. Using RAPD marker, the calculated arithmetic mean heterozygosity and the marker index were 0.90 and 22.47, respectively. The R. bracteata and ICPL-87 were found distinct from rest of other cultivars by showing only 13% similarity. Average PIC value shown by RAPD and SSR primers were found to be 0.90 and 0.18, respectively.

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