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This article draws on British newspaper reports in order to demonstrate that trolling, and the media's subsequent framing of trolling, involves "silencing strategies". It is important to examine how trolling is discussed within the media to understand how it might frame public opinion, debate and action, and implicitly victim blame. The article presents findings on: the forms of (online) abuse and behaviours related to trolling in media reports, including rape threats, death threats and body shaming. It also explores the media portrayal of victims of trolling, and the advice given concerning how to respond to trolls. To comply with the message to women, which is propagated in media and popular discourses: "do not feed the This is a pre-print version of the article published in Feminist Media Studies Vol.17, No.6 (December 2017).2 troll", means that "symbolic violence" is exercised with the complicity of the victim(s) of trolling, which has broader implications. IntroductionThis article focuses on the framing of trolling in British newspaper reports. Trolling is a form of gendered and "symbolic violence" (Pierre Bourdieu & Loic J. D. Wacquant 1992) as it is performed in relation to women and other minority groups on social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram and Facebook (Lumsden and Morgan forthcoming). Media reports, public debate and academic research concerning the 'dark side' of the web have focused on the rise of online abuse including trolling (Whitney Phillips 2015), hate crime, Islamophobia (Imran Awan 2016), cyber-bulling, revenge porn, stalking, and sexting. However, the media's framing of trolling and online abuse has been largely overlooked in academic studies. Jane (2014a: 532) argues that "extravagant invective, the sexualized threats of violence, and the recreational nastiness that have come to constitute a dominant tenor of Internet discourse", should be a priority for academic analysis instead of being treated as a moral panic. She also points out that not reprinting examples of online abuse can undermine how academics understand the nature of trolling, as it is then deemed "unspeakable". It is important to examine how trolling is discussed within the media to understand how it might frame public opinion, debate and action, and implicitly victim blame via "silencing strategies". The tactics employed by trolls, including rape threats and death threats, can be viewed as examples of "silencing strategies". "Silencing strategies" attempt to remove the individual This is a pre-print version of the article published in Feminist Media Studies Vol.17, No.6 (December 2017).3 from participation in (online) public space (such as on social media sites), or dissuade them from engaging in further public debate (by responding to or challenging an offensive "tweet" on Twitter or photograph on Instagram). The media portrayal and framing of trolling can be said to reinforce these "silencing strategies". For example, as we will show, the advice given to those who are victims of online abuse -"do not feed the...

Partnerships between police and academics have proliferated in recent years, reflecting the increased recognition of the benefits to be had on both sides from collaborating on research, knowledge transfer and other activities. The literature on police-academic partnerships refers to inherent obstacles in bringing the 'two worlds' of research and practice together, and reflects an increased recognition on both sides of the benefits to be had from the coproduction of research-reflecting a shift from conducting research on police, to conducting research with police. This takes place in the wider context of moves towards evidence-based policing, and the professionalization of policing in the UK. In this paper we reflect on our experiences of building a police-academic partnership, focusing on: 1) the internal organizational and cultural drivers and barriers; 2) the opportunities offered via 'in-house' research by analysts and police officers; and 3) evaluation. We highlight the increasing risk presented to both sides by the 'McDonaldization' (Heslop 2011, Ritzer 2004) of policeacademic partnerships, and the need to thus play close attention to how the identification and prioritisation of research, its conduct, and aspects of evaluation, are managed and supported in practice, with open and transparent dialogue between police and academic partners. The paper draws on qualitative interviews conducted with police officers and police staff, and our observations and reflections while conducting a strategically driven university-police collaborative project with police forces in England.

This article discusses the changing role of policing in an era of austerity from the perspective of frontline civilian police staff (call handlers and dispatchers) in a force control room (FCR). It draws on a symbolic interactionist framework and the concept of emotional labour (Hochschild 1979; 1983[2012]) in order to explore the emotional responses and strategies engaged in by staff when responding to 101 non-emergency calls and 999 emergency calls. The clash of public and police expectations, and the emotional labour expended when managing this clash, provide a valuable insight into the frontline staff perspective on the changing role of the police under austerity. Data is drawn from ethnographic fieldwork in the control room of a police force in England.

This chapter provides an overview of the rapidly changing social and political context which is driving a contested social media landscape, and explores examples of othering and discrimination propagated and encountered by individuals online and in social media contexts and cultures. After providing an overview of literature on 'othering', we outline our concept of 'online othering' which problematizes and analyses the dichotomy presented between real and virtual space(s) by exploring the motivations behind othering behaviours and the impact this has on the targets of online abuse. It also explores the extent to which ICTs facilitate and exacerbate traditional offline offences (such as domestic abuse and stalking). Finally, we consider various responses to 'online othering' which recognise its oppositional nature and the agency of the othered.

Additional Information:• This paper was accepted for publication in the jour- The discussion draws on semi-structured interviews conducted with police officers and staff from police forces in England.

This article focuses on police officers' views of the professionalisation of policing in The concept of police professionalism is flexible and can be used to promote selfThis is a pre-print version of K. Lumsden (forthcoming) 'It's a profession, it isn't a Job': Police officers' views of the professionalisation of policing in England. Sociological Research Online. interests (Lee and Punch 2004).The article begins with an overview of the sociology of professions, the professionalisation of the police, and the English context. After outlining methods, the article presents findings including: the political drive to professionalise policing; education and recruitment; an expert body of knowledge via evidence-based policing; and ethics. These elements are entangled with new public management principles including a focus on performance and increasing efficiencies, highlighting the ways in which professionalism can also be used as a 'technology of control' (Foucault 1979) to discipline workers in the conduct of their work.

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