A B S T R AC TIn response to a study of Canadian child welfare workers that unexpectedly found participants scoring high on a measure of emotional exhaustion (burnout) and, at the same time, high on overall job satisfaction, this paper reviews research that has investigated these constructs in the social work literature as well as in selected studies from sociology, social psychology, management and women's studies. The review reveals that some previous studies also report the coexistence of high levels of emotional exhaustion and strong job satisfaction in child welfare and social worker samples. Several studies have suggested that individual characteristics, including finding reward in helping others, having a commitment to the mandate of child welfare and believing that one's labour is 'making a difference', contribute to satisfaction with child welfare work in spite of work overload and emotional exhaustion. Attributions regarding causes of exhaustion, coping strategies and goal orientation may also attenuate the expected negative effects of emotional exhaustion. Considerable evidence supports the positive influence of variables organizational managers can control, including job autonomy, supportive supervisors, workload, promotional opportunities and perception of personal safety. The degree to which this phenomenon is associated with female socialization and the 'ethic of care' underlying social work is discussed. Implications for child welfare research, practice and policy are offered. I N T R O D U C T I O NThis paper was prompted by unexpected results from a study assessing burnout 1 and job satisfaction (JS) among direct service workers of four child welfare agencies. The study was implemented during transitions within child welfare agencies in Ontario, Canada, associated with changes in legislation that broadened the legal definition of a child in need of protection, demanded shorter time parameters for response and increased required documentation. We hypothesized that levels of emotional exhaustion (EE/ burnout) would be high, and JS would be low, because of long-standing reports of high turnover and stressful working conditions in these agencies. The study found that, of 220 direct service workers (181 women and 39 men), 44% scored in the high range on EE (48% of the women and 28% of the men); 32% scored in the moderate range (30% of the women and 38% of the men); and 24% scored in the low range (22% of the women and 33% of the men) ( χ 2 (2, n = 220) = 5.382, P = 0.068).Of 232 direct service workers (192 women and 40 men), 41% (41% of the women and 40% of the men) were highly satisfied with their jobs overall; 49% were moderately satisfied (51% of the women and 45% of the men); and only 8% of the women and 15% of the men were low on overall JS. We were surprised by these high levels of JS, especially in view of the relatively high levels of EE. We were even more surprised

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In this study the long-terms outcomes of children and youth with severe mental health problems receiving residential treatment (RT) or an intensive homebased treatment (IHT) were reported. RT is 24-hour mental health intervention in a highly supervised and structured group living setting where individualized and related therapies are provided. Youths attend a day school within the residential environment. IHT developed as an alternative to residential treatment for youth and comprises the same therapeutic interventions provided in the home as opposed to the residential setting. Youths attend their regular school which could be within a specialized setting, such as a day school. At discharge, there were statistically and clinically significant improvements in psychosocial functioning for children and youth in RT and IHT. There were also statistically significant improvements in scores on symptom severity from admission to 12 to 18 months post-discharge, and these improvements were maintained at 36 to 40 months post-discharge. Differences in demographic data between the two groups suggest that the programs may serve two different populations, and that both programs are important components of a comprehensive mental health plan for children and youth.

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A B S T R AC TThe authors conducted a mixed-method study after a previous study of child welfare employees revealed a subgroup exhibiting surprisingly high levels of both emotional exhaustion (EE) and job satisfaction (JS). This subgroup included direct service workers, supervisors and managers. As these findings appeared to conflict with previous studies, we re-reviewed the literature and undertook the current study to account for the co-existence of EE and JS. We explored and compared this subgroup with two others: workers who found their work satisfying without experiencing high levels of EE and those whose high levels of EE were associated with low JS. Using a survey that included several standardized measures with 226 employees and semi-structured interviews with a criteria-based subsample of 25, we explored the role that personality, career expectations, coping styles, stage of life, education, gender and social networks play in outcomes for individual employees. Analyses of quantitative and qualitative data yielded a profile for each subgroup, offering insights into the subjective experiences of workers within individual, social and organizational contexts. These findings have implications for recruitment, training and support of child welfare workers.

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In Ontario, Canada, a wide range of services has been developed to support children and youth with severe mental health problems. After services have ended, many of these children continue to live with emotional and behavioral challenges. However, the clinical outcomes of children discharged from residential mental health centers and home-based alternatives are not well known. The purpose of this report was to document mental health outcomes from standardized measures of symptom severity and functioning of children and youth involved in residential treatment or a home-based alternative. In general, some clinical and psychosocial improvements from admission to discharge and follow up were revealed, although not all measures were statistically significant.