Whereas in most studies conducted previously the effect of automation bias has been investigated in terms of an instantaneous decision, this study is aimed at quantifying its duration. Automation bias is modeled as a stochastic process using a unimodal log-log probability distribution. To validate the model, an experiment using an Airbus A320 fixed base flight simulator with a malfunction on the auto throttle was executed with 35 licensed pilots. The effect of pilot experience is investigated; results show that less experienced pilots are on average less sensitive to automation bias but have more variation in performance than more experienced pilots.
This chapter investigates driver distraction, a pressing road safety issue. First, research findings regarding the demands placed on drivers by the primary driving tasks and various non-driving-related secondary tasks are reviewed. Second, promising theories and models are reviewed for characterizing how driver distraction is caused and how it affects the driving task. Third, a review is provided of current investigation and measurement methods used in distraction research, guidelines, standards, antidistraction devices, and antidistraction legislation. Fourth, the most important implications from this review are summarized for the various stakeholders in the driver distraction debate. And finally, some important issues for future research into driver distraction are discussed, as is the importance of considering driver distraction in the context of an integrated safety vision.H uman factors research in the field of driver distraction has greatly evolved in the past decade. This research has provided new insights on how distracted driving occurs, its potential consequences, and how its prevalence can be reduced. Research on driver distraction, however, continues, mainly for three reasons:1. Driving a vehicle is a multitasking skill requiring, at times, more of the driver's limited mental resources than is possible. 2. Occasional overtaxing of the driver's limited mental capacity may result in dangerous driving behaviors and perception or action failures. 3. These dangerous behaviors and perception failures result in increased traffic collisions.
Three techniques of perceptual grouping were compared in terms of their effect on people's ability to read maps that always remained visible. The techniques differ in the way they create clusters of objects on map-like displays: by using boundary lines to form adjacent "countries" (Common Region), by coloring "city" symbols that belong to the same, contiguous, country in a unique way (Adjacent Color), or by using color to create spatially non-contiguous, overlapping, clusters (Color Only). Subjects were asked to compare the horizontal orientations of two cities at a time, and, in another task, to compare two distances corresponding to three map cities. Results show that orientation statements were verified faster for same-cluster cities than for differentcluster cities, but only in the Common Region condition. Neither distance estimations nor orientation judgments were distorted by any grouping technique, as indicated by an effect on judgment accuracy. The implications of these results for our understanding of map reading ability in relation to techniques for perceptual grouping are discussed.
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