A liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and dexamethasone sodium phosphate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Optimum separation was achieved in less than 5 min using a C 18 column (250 mmx4.6 mm i.d, 5µ particle size) by isocratic elution. The mobile phase consisting of a mixture of mixed phosphate buffer (pH 4) and acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) was used. Column effluents were monitored at 254 nm at a flow rate of 1ml/min. Retention times of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and dexamethasone sodium phosphate were 2.4 and 3.16 min respectively. The linearity of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and dexamethasone sodium phosphate was in the range of 3-18 µg/ml and 1-6 µg/ml respectively. Developed method was economical in terms of the time taken and amount of solvent consumed for each analysis. The method was validated and successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and dexamethasone sodium phosphate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

A liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone sodium phosphate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Optimum separation was achieved in less than 5 min using a C 18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d, 5 µ particle size) by isocratic elution. UV detection was carried out at 254 nm. Developed method was economical in terms of the time taken and amount of solvent consumed for each analysis. It was also validated with respect to linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness and system suitability. The limits of detection for gatifloxacin and dexamethasone sodium phosphate were 0.397 and 0.11 µg/ml, respectively. Limits of quantification were found to be 1.203 and 0.342 µg/ml for gatifloxacin and dexamethasone sodium phosphate, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of gatifloxacin and dexamethasone sodium phosphate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

There has been a continuous evolution in the SARS-CoV-2 genome; therefore, it is necessary to monitor the shifts in the SARS-CoV-2 variants. This study aimed to detect various SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The study attempted to sequence the complete S-gene of SARS-CoV-2 of 104 clinical samples using Sanger’s method to analyze and compare the mutations with the global prevalence. The method standardized in this study was able to amplify the complete length of the S-gene (3822 bp). The resulting nucleotide and amino acid mutations were analyzed and compared with the local and global SARS-CoV-2 databases using Nextclade and GISAID tools. The Delta variant was the most common variant reported in the present study, followed by the Omicron variant. A variant name was not assigned to thirteen samples using the Nextclade tool. There were sixty-nine types of amino acid substitutions reported (excluding private mutations) throughout the spike gene. The T95I mutation was observed predominantly in Delta variants (15/38), followed by Kappa (3/8) and Omicron (1/31). Nearly all Alpha and Omicron lineages had the N501Y substitution; Q493R was observed only in the Omicron lineage; and other mutations (L445, F486, and S494) were not observed in the present study. Most of these mutations found in the Omicron variant are located near the furin cleavage site, which may play a role in the virulence, pathogenicity, and transmission of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 104 complete CDS of SARS-CoV-2 belonged to different phylogenetic clades like 20A, 20B, 20I (Alpha), 21A (Delta), 21B (Kappa), 21I (Delta), 21J (Delta), and 21L (Omicron).

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