A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the determination of glimepiride (GPD) in human plasma. GPD and the internal standard (IS, glibenclamide) were extracted from a small aliquot of human plasma (200 microL) by a simple liquid-liquid extraction technique using ethyl acetate as extraction solvent. The compounds were separated on a YMC Propack, C18, 4.6x50 mm column using a mixture of ammonium acetate buffer, acetonitrile and methanol (30:60:10, v/v) as mobile phase at 0.5 mL/min on an API 4000 Sciex mass spectrometer connected to an Agilent HPLC system. Method validation and pre-clinical sample analysis was performed as per FDA guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. GPD and IS were detected without any interference from human plasma matrix. The method was proved to be accurate and precise at linearity range of 0.02-100.00 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The method was robust with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.02 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day accuracies for GPD were 88.60-113.50 and 96.82-103.93%, respectively. The inter-day precision was better than 12.21%. This method enabled faster and reliable determination of GPD in a pre-clinical study.
The aim of the study is to develop Miconazole nitrate loaded ethosomal gel for better antifungal activity by sustaining the drug release and to lower the adverse effects. Miconazole nitrate is an imidazole antifungal drug and is used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infection. Miconazole topical formulation is made for better patient compliance and to reduce the dose of drug. Miconazole nitrate ethosomes were prepared by hot method using soya lecithin, ethanol and cholesterol in different ratios. They were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency and invitro drug release. Selected ethosomal formulation showed an entrapment efficiency of 88.2% and drug release of 85.3% in 8 hrs. The selected formulation was incorporated in to gel using Carbopol 934, HPMC K4M. Selected ethosomal gel (EG1) showed a drug content of 95.67% and drug release of 85.77% in 8 hrs.
Objective: The aim of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of only demonstration and demonstration coupled with the powerpoint method (intervention) in acquiring the knowledge of injection technique using objective structured practical examination (OSPE) as an evaluation tool.
Methods: The present study was conducted among IInd professional medical undergraduates (N=80). Identification of medical devices, parts of a syringe and intravenous (IV) infusion set, intramuscular (IM) injection and intravenous infusion techniques were taught using demonstration and intervention method. Participants were then evaluated for their knowledge by OSPE method using validated checklists. Participants were also asked to give feedback for the teaching and evaluation method. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0.0, IBM Corporation.
Results: After the intervention method 100% participant could identify needle, cannula, and IV infusion set. Noticeable difference was found in identifying parts of a syringe and IV infusion set after intervention method. OSPE evaluation post-intervention showed that more number of participants could perform the steps of injection correctly and in sequence. OSPE scores post-intervention differed significantly (<0.001) with demonstration method.
Conclusion: Demonstration coupled with the powerpoint teaching method was found better than the demonstration method alone. This method should be used to impart practical knowledge of injection technique.
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